Passage 34

　　Kazuko Nakane‘s history of the early Japanese immi-grants to central California’s Pajaro Valley focuses on　the development of farming communities there from　1890 to 1940. The Issei （first-generation immigrants）（5） were brought into the Pajaro Valley to raise sugar beets².　Like Issei laborers⁴ in American cities， Japanese men in　rural areas sought employment via the “boss” system.　The system comprised three elements： immigrant wage　laborers； Issei boardinghouses where laborers stayed；（10） and labor³ contractors⁵， who gathered workers for a particular job and then negotiated a contract between workers and employer. This same system was originally utilized⁶ by the Chinese laborers who had preceded the Japanese. A related institution was the “labor club，”（15）which provided job information and negotiated employ-ment contracts and other legal matters， such as the rental⁷ of land， for Issei who chose to belong and paid an annual fee to the cooperative for membership.
　　When the local sugar beet¹ industry collapsed⁹ in 1902，（20） the Issei began to lease land from the valley‘s strawberry farmers. The Japanese provided the labor and the crop　 was divided between laborers and landowners. The Issei　 began to operate farms， they began to marry and start families， forming an established Japanese American（30） community. Unfortunately， the Issei’s efforts to attain¹⁰ agricultural independence were hampered¹¹ by govern-　 ment restrictions¹²， such as the Alien Land Law of 1913.　 But immigrants could circumvent¹³ such exclusionary¹⁴ laws　 by leasing or purchasing land in their American-born（35） children‘s names.
　　Nakane‘s case study of one rural Japanese American　community provides valuable information about the　lives and experiences of the Isseil. It is， however， too　particularistic. This limitation derives¹⁵ from Nakane’s（40） methodology-that of oral history-which cannot substitute for a broader theoretical or comparative　 perspective. Furture research might well consider two issues raised by her study： were the Issei of the Pajaro Valley similar to or different from Issei in urban settings，（45） and what variations existed between rural Japanese American communities？

　　1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
　　　（A） defend a controversial hypothesis presented in a history of early Japanese immigrants to Califronia
　　　（B） dismiss a history of an early Japanese settlement in California as narrow and ill constructed
　　　（C） summarize and critique a history of an early Japanese settlement in California
　　　（D） compare a history of one Japanese American community with studies of Japanese settlements　　 throughout California
　　　（E） examine the differences between Japanese andChinese immigrants to central California in the1890‘s

　　2. Which of the following best describes a “labor club，” as　defined in the passage？
　　　（A） An organization to which Issei were compelled to belong if they sought employment in the Pajaro Valley
　　　（B） An association whose members included labor contractors and landowning “bosses”
　　　（C） A type of farming corporation set up by Issei who had resided in the Pajaro Valley for some time
　　　（D） A cooperative association whose members were dues-paying Japanese laborers
　　　（E） A social organization to which Japanese laborers and their families belonged

　　3. Based on information in the passage， which of the　following statements concerning the Alien Land Law of　1913 is most accurate？
　　　（A） It excluded American-born citizens of Japanese ancestry¹⁶ from landownership.
　　　（B） It sought to restrict the number of foreign immigrants to California.
　　　（C） It successfully prevented Issei from ever purchasing farmland.
　　　（D） It was applicable to first-generation immigrants but not to their American-born children.
　　　（E） It was passed under pressure from the Pajaro Valley‘s strawberry farmers.

　　4. Several Issei families join together to purchase a strawberry field and the necessary farming equipment.　Such a situation best exemplifies which of the　following， as it is described in the passage？
　　　（A） A typical sharecropping agreement
　　　（B） A farming corporation
　　　（C） A “labor club”
　　　（D） The “boss” system
　　　（E） Circumvention¹⁷ of the Alien Land Law

　　5. The passage suggests that which of the following was an　indirect consequence of the collapse⁸ of the sugar beet　industry in the Pajaro Valley？
　　　（A） The Issei formed a permanent， family-based community.
　　　（B） Boardinghouses were built to accommodate the Issei.
　　　（C） The Issei began to lease land in their children‘snames.
　　　（D） The Issei adopted a labor contract system similar to that used by Chinese immigrants.
　　　（E） The Issei suffered a massive dislocation caused by unemployment.

　　6. The author of the passage would most likely agree that which of the following， if it had been included in　Nakane‘s study， would best remedy the particularistic nature of that study？
　　　（A） A statistical¹⁸ table comparing per capita income of Issei wage laborers and sharecroppers in the PajaroValley
　　　 （B） A statistical table showing per capita income of Issei in the Pajaro Valley from 1890 to 1940
　　　（C） A statistical table showing rates of farm ownership by Japanese Americans in four central California counties from 1890 to 1940
　　　（D） A discussion of original company documents dealing¹⁹ with the Pajaro Valley sugar beet industry at the turn of the century
　　　（E） Transcripts²⁰ of interviews conducted with members of the Pajaro Valley Japanese American community who were born in the 1920‘s and 1930’s.

　　7. It can be inferred from the passage that， when the Issei　began to lease land from the Valley‘s strawberry　farmers， the Issei most probably did which of the following？
　　　（A） They used profits made from selling the strawberry crop to hire other Issei.
　　　（B） They negotiated such agricultural contracts using the “boss” system.
　　　（C） They paid for the use of the land with a share of the strawberry crop.
　　　（D） They earned higher wages than when they raised sugar beets.
　　　（E） They violated the Alien Land Law.