GRE句子填空“13+1”解题技巧(2)a
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方法之二:对立关系反义词解法

凡是出现but, yet, however, nevertheless, although, (even) though, while, whereas, notwithstanding, despite, in spite of, in contrast (to), on the contrary, on the other hand, whatever, otherwise, ironically, paradoxically, curiously1, surprisingly 等带有转折逆转含义的题目,则代入空格的正确选项必与中心线索构成语义对立的反义词关系。

例 Ⅰ:

It is true that seeds of some plants have --------- after two hundred years of dormancy2, but reports that viable3 seeds have been found in ancient tombs such as pyramids are entirely4 ---------.

(A) received ... empirical

(B) germinated5 ... unfounded

(C) endured ... irrelevant6

(D) erupted ... reasonable

(E) proliferated7 ... substantiated8

〖解答〗

先处理空格Ⅱ:题内"It is true that..."代表了第一种说法,"but reports that..."代表了与第一种说法相反的情形。既然前者是“确凿可信的”(true), 则后者应是“虚妄谬误的”,与true一词构成反义。(D) reasonable 和 (E) substantiated (具体化的,被证实了的)构成的是同义关系,可先予排除。(A) empirical (经验主义的)无针对性。(C) irrelevant 意为“不相关联的”,它并不就意味着“谬误的”。唯 (B) unfounded (没有根据的,无稽之谈的)为正确。在空格Ⅰ处,所代入的动词用以描述 “seeds” 的某种情况,可将第二句中再涉及seeds这一概念时所用的viable一词以动词形式直接代入,则求得同义的(B)germinated一词。

〖中译〗

某些植物的种籽在经历了两百多年的休眠状态之后依然能发芽,这一情形完全属实,但是,在诸如金字塔一类的古代坟墓中能寻找到尚能存活发芽的种籽,这样的传闻纯属无稽之谈。

例 Ⅱ:

Even though some genetic9 mutations may be useful under certain circumstances, most are unconditionally10 --------- in all existing environments.

(A) expendable

(B) androgynous

(C) prevalent

(D) ancillary11

(E) deleterious

〖解答〗

以Even though 引导的让步状语从句与主句构成对立相反的关系,将中心线索定位于useful一词,则求得其反义词(E)deleterious(有害的,造成伤害的)。

〖词汇〗

expendable: 可消耗的

androgynous: 雌雄同序(体)的,两性畸形的,(服饰等)男女不分的

prevalent: 普遍的,盛行的

ancillary: 从属的,附属的,辅助的

〖中译〗

尽管某些遗传变异在有些情况下不无益处,但绝大多数此类变异在现存的所有环境中均是绝然有害的。

例Ⅲ:

The term "rare earth" is in fact a ----------, for , paradoxically, the rare-earth elements are in actuality ----------, being present in low concentration in virtually all minerals.

(A) truism ... essential

(B) misnomer12 ... ubiquitous

(C) disclaimer ... ephemeral

(D) metaphor13 ... figurative

(E) mnemonic ... unmemorable

〖解答〗

先处理空格Ⅱ:从paradoxically(矛盾地)可判断所谓的"rare earth"存在着某种相反的情形,空格Ⅱ为形容词,可将中心线索定位于同为形容词的"rare",求得一反义词即可,此为第一种解法。另一解法是:空格Ⅱ后接一补充说明性质的分词短语,所代入的词语与"being present in virtually all minerals"构成同义,则唯(B)ubiquitous(普遍存在的)正确。空格Ⅰ:既然"rare earth"作为一个术语,名不符实,故可称其为(B)misnomer。

〖词汇〗

truism: 自明之理,老生常谈

misnomer: 错误的名称,取名不当,名称误用

disclaimer: 放弃,否认,拒负责任

ephemeral: 转瞬即逝的,短暂的

metaphor: 隐喻

figurative: 采用修辞手段的,比喻的,有文采的

mnemonic: 记忆(术)

〖中译〗

“稀土”这一术语事实上乃一不当的名称,因为矛盾的是,稀土原素实际比比皆是,存在于所有的矿物质中,只是含量欠低。

特殊解法


上述三题对立关系反义词解法是相对于那些对立的两部分皆为肯定句的题目而言的。然则存在着这样一类题目,尽管它们的连接词可帮助我们判断出一种表面上的对立关系,但同时又在对立的两部分的任何一部分引入一否定结构,从而将原有的对立关系否定,使得题目中的两部分在语气上转而趋于并列。凡此类题目均按“并列关系同义词解法”处理。

例 Ⅳ:

While not completely nonplussed14 by the unusually caustic15 responses from members of the audience, the speaker was nonetheless visibly ---------- by their lively criticism.

(A) humiliated16

(B) discomfited17

(C) deluded18

(D) disgraced

(E) tantalized19

〖解答〗

句首的while(虽然,尽管)本应标志着主从句之间的对立,但由于从句部分出现否定词not,故需采取特殊解法。代入主句空格的是被动语态中的过去分词,可将中心线索定位于从句中相对应的被动语态中的过去分词nonplussed,求得其同义词(B)discomfited为正确。

〖词汇〗

nonplus: 使狼狈为难,使不知所措



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 curiously 3v0zIc     
adv.有求知欲地;好问地;奇特地
参考例句:
  • He looked curiously at the people.他好奇地看着那些人。
  • He took long stealthy strides. His hands were curiously cold.他迈着悄没声息的大步。他的双手出奇地冷。
2 dormancy 9c7eb5512211f4cd18877be97c85655b     
n.睡眠,冬眠,隐匿
参考例句:
  • During dormancy the plants must be kept very dry. 在休眠期,植物必须保持非常干燥。 来自辞典例句
  • It may also come to the point of virtual dormancy. 它也可以达到实际上的潜伏状态。 来自辞典例句
3 viable mi2wZ     
adj.可行的,切实可行的,能活下去的
参考例句:
  • The scheme is economically viable.这个计划从经济效益来看是可行的。
  • The economy of the country is not viable.这个国家经济是难以维持的。
4 entirely entirely     
ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地
参考例句:
  • The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
  • His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。
5 germinated 34800fedce882b7815e35b85cf63273d     
v.(使)发芽( germinate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • First, the researchers germinated the seeds. 研究人员首先让种子发芽。 来自辞典例句
  • In spring they are germinated and grown for a year in beds. 春季里,他们在苗床发芽并生长一年。 来自辞典例句
6 irrelevant ZkGy6     
adj.不恰当的,无关系的,不相干的
参考例句:
  • That is completely irrelevant to the subject under discussion.这跟讨论的主题完全不相关。
  • A question about arithmetic is irrelevant in a music lesson.在音乐课上,一个数学的问题是风马牛不相及的。
7 proliferated bf4cbd64d4dfa230425ea1e6aeaffe91     
激增( proliferate的过去式和过去分词 ); (迅速)繁殖; 增生; 扩散
参考例句:
  • Books and articles on the subject have proliferated over the last year. 过去一年以来,论及这一问题的书和文章大量涌现。
  • Influenza proliferated throughout the country. 流感在全国蔓延。
8 substantiated 00e07431f22c5b088202bcaa5dd5ecda     
v.用事实支持(某主张、说法等),证明,证实( substantiate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The results of the tests substantiated his claims. 这些检验的结果证实了他的说法。
  • The statement has never been substantiated. 这一陈述从未得到证实。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
9 genetic PgIxp     
adj.遗传的,遗传学的
参考例句:
  • It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
10 unconditionally CfHzbp     
adv.无条件地
参考例句:
  • All foreign troops must be withdrawn immediately and unconditionally. 所有外国军队必须立即无条件地撤出。
  • It makes things very awkward to have your girls going back unconditionally just now! 你们现在是无条件上工,真糟糕! 来自子夜部分
11 ancillary EwCzg     
adj.附属的,从属的
参考例句:
  • The transport corps is ancillary to the infantry.运输队是步兵的辅助部队。
  • This is just an ancillary business.这仅仅是一项辅助业务。
12 misnomer nDtxR     
n.误称
参考例句:
  • Herbal"tea"is something of a misnomer because these drinks contain no tea at all.花草“茶”是一个误称,因为这类饮料里面根本不含茶。
  • Actually," Underground "is a misnomer,because more than half the shops are above ground.实际上,“ 地下 ” 这个名称用之不当,因为半数以上的店铺是在地面上的。
13 metaphor o78zD     
n.隐喻,暗喻
参考例句:
  • Using metaphor,we say that computers have senses and a memory.打个比方,我们可以说计算机有感觉和记忆力。
  • In poetry the rose is often a metaphor for love.玫瑰在诗中通常作为爱的象征。
14 nonplussed 98b606f821945211a3a22cb7cc7c1bca     
adj.不知所措的,陷于窘境的v.使迷惑( nonplus的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The speaker was completely nonplussed by the question. 演讲者被这个问题完全难倒了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • I was completely nonplussed by his sudden appearance. 他突然出现使我大吃一惊。 来自《简明英汉词典》
15 caustic 9rGzb     
adj.刻薄的,腐蚀性的
参考例句:
  • He opened his mouth to make a caustic retort.他张嘴开始进行刻薄的反击。
  • He enjoys making caustic remarks about other people.他喜欢挖苦别人。
16 humiliated 97211aab9c3dcd4f7c74e1101d555362     
感到羞愧的
参考例句:
  • Parents are humiliated if their children behave badly when guests are present. 子女在客人面前举止失当,父母也失体面。
  • He was ashamed and bitterly humiliated. 他感到羞耻,丢尽了面子。
17 discomfited 97ac63c8d09667b0c6e9856f9e80fe4d     
v.使为难( discomfit的过去式和过去分词);使狼狈;使挫折;挫败
参考例句:
  • He was discomfited by the unexpected questions. 意料不到的问题使得他十分尴尬。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
  • He will be particularly discomfited by the minister's dismissal of his plan. 部长对他计划的不理会将使他特别尴尬。 来自辞典例句
18 deluded 7cff2ff368bbd8757f3c8daaf8eafd7f     
v.欺骗,哄骗( delude的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Don't be deluded into thinking that we are out of danger yet. 不要误以为我们已脱离危险。
  • She deluded everyone into following her. 她骗得每个人都听信她的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
19 tantalized 58c87a077913e60f735d2f739af31c8f     
v.逗弄,引诱,折磨( tantalize的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The delicious smell tantalized us. 香味逗引我们。 来自辞典例句
  • It tantalized him that she should have such a loathing for him. 她竟会这么厌恶他,这倒使他心里直纳闷。 来自辞典例句
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