GRE句子填空“13+1”解题技巧(3)b
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2.4 方法之四:因果关系解法


凡是包含because, since, for, if, thus, hence, so that, so...that..., so...as to..., therefore, consequently, as a result, accordingly, in that, result in, result from, cause, give rise to, derive1 from, lead to, be due to 等词汇的题目,必是在陈述某种因果关系(causal relationship)。在解因果关系时,必须牢记下述事项。首先,在原因(cause)和结果(effect)之间,应存在一种内在的必然的逻辑关系。换言之,当原因或前提条件为充分时,其结果或结论应是必然的和充分的,而不应是或然的或似是而非的,反之亦然。其次,按因果律高度统一的原则,可从已知的原因推知结果,或从已知的结果推出原因,在诸多情况下,原因即为结果,结果即为原因,两者为同义互补的关系。第三,从感情色彩上看,正面的原因必引发正面的结果,负面的原因必造成负面的结果,两者之间或同为褒义,或同为贬义。第四,除了能辩认出包含上述词汇的明显的因果关系外,还应能辩认出某些不直接的和隐含的因果关系。在英语中,大多数的定语从句,以by引导的被动语态,以及by表示手段或方式,甚至名词前的形容词,都可以归纳到间接的因果关系这一范畴中。最后,切记在无连接词的情况下两个句子间凡出现冒号或分号这两种标点符号时,这亦为因果关系(参见前述“标点符号的启示”)。

例 Ⅰ:

He labored2 industriously3 at the job for long, weary hours, giving ---------- of his energy and loyalty4, no matter how great the demands; as a result, when the plant superintendent’s position fell vacant, he was ---------- nominated by the directors.

(A) grudgingly5 ... thoughtlessly

(B) sparing ... almost

(C) some ... again

(D) unstintingly ... unanimously

(E) freely ... reluctantly

〖解答〗

题中的"as a result"标志着明确无误的因果关系。空格Ⅰ:既然某人"labored industriously",则可用 (D) unstintingly或(E) freely来描述他所付出的一切。(A) grudgingly 和(B) sparingly均为“吝啬”之意,与题意相反,且存在严重逻辑矛盾。(C) some 为不充分的条件。空格Ⅱ:由于第一部分中的原因带有积极的正面色彩,故结果亦应是积极正面的,则以(D) unanimously为正确。(E) reluctantly为负面消极的,应予排除。

〖中译〗

他工作勤勉,长时间地致力于那令人倦乏的活计,不管要求有多苛严,总是毫不吝啬地付出其精力和耿耿忠诚;基于这一原因,当工厂的监工位置空缺时,他被异口同声地获得了董事们的提名。

例 Ⅱ:

Since the escaping vapor6 proved to be highly ----------, measures were at once taken for the ---------- of the experiments.

(A) noxious7 ... cessation

(B) gaseous8 ... reduction

(C) volatile9 ... ratification10

(D) incriminating ... destruction

(E) observable ... insulation11

〖解答〗

句首的Since一词是因果关系的明显标志。尽管作为原因的空格Ⅰ和作为结果的空格Ⅱ很难从题目本身推断出应代入词汇的特定语义,但至少有三点是明确的。首先,两空格间的因果关系须是充分的,其次,所代入前后空格的词汇或均为褒义词,或均为贬义词。唯(A)项可符合上述条件。(B)项为中性/贬义,(C) 项为中性/褒义,因果关系无法成立。(D)incriminating用以描述主语escaping vapor是极不合情理的,(E) 项亦毫无针对性可言。

〖词汇〗

noxious: 1.有害(毒)的 2.使道德败坏的,可憎的

volatile: 1.易挥(散)发的 2.变化无常的

ratification: 正式批准

incriminate: 1.暗示…有罪、控告 2.牵连,归咎于

〖中译〗

鉴于泄漏的气体证明极为有毒,故即刻采取措施,中止实验。

例 Ⅲ:

Like many eighteenth-century scholars who lived by cultivating those in power, Winckelman neglected to neutralize12, by some ---------- gesture of comradeship, the resentment13 his peers were bound to feel because of his ---------- the high and mighty14.

(A) quixotic ... intrigue15 with

(B) enigmatic ... familiarity with

(C) propitiatory16 ... involvement with

(D) salutary ... questioning of

(E) unfeigned ... sympathy for

〖解答〗

空格Ⅰ:"by some...gesture"(通过某种…的姿态)标志着手段,"to neutralize the resentment"(去消解愤怒)则表示目的。手段与目的之间的关系可视作一种间接的因果关系, 而因果关系则意味着同义词关系,这样,从目的便可推知手段,即代入该空格的词汇须体现“消解愤怒”之意。则(C) propitiatory为恰当。空格Ⅱ:其后的"the high and mighty"指的是上文中的"those in power",可将后者前的"cultivating"以名词形式移入,则求得其同义词(C) involvement。

〖词汇〗

cultivate: 建立(友谊),结交朋友

neutralize: 使成为无效,抵消

be bound to :注定要

quixotic: 愚侠的,不切实际的,盲目空想的

propitiatory: 劝人息恕的,抚慰的,谋求他人好感的



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 derive hmLzH     
v.取得;导出;引申;来自;源自;出自
参考例句:
  • We derive our sustenance from the land.我们从土地获取食物。
  • We shall derive much benefit from reading good novels.我们将从优秀小说中获得很大好处。
2 labored zpGz8M     
adj.吃力的,谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 );苦干;详细分析;(指引擎)缓慢而困难地运转
参考例句:
  • I was close enough to the elk to hear its labored breathing. 我离那头麋鹿非常近,能听见它吃力的呼吸声。 来自辞典例句
  • They have labored to complete the job. 他们努力完成这一工作。 来自辞典例句
3 industriously f43430e7b5117654514f55499de4314a     
参考例句:
  • She paces the whole class in studying English industriously. 她在刻苦学习英语上给全班同学树立了榜样。
  • He industriously engages in unostentatious hard work. 他勤勤恳恳,埋头苦干。
4 loyalty gA9xu     
n.忠诚,忠心
参考例句:
  • She told him the truth from a sense of loyalty.她告诉他真相是出于忠诚。
  • His loyalty to his friends was never in doubt.他对朋友的一片忠心从来没受到怀疑。
5 grudgingly grudgingly     
参考例句:
  • He grudgingly acknowledged having made a mistake. 他勉强承认他做错了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Their parents unwillingly [grudgingly] consented to the marriage. 他们的父母无可奈何地应允了这门亲事。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
6 vapor DHJy2     
n.蒸汽,雾气
参考例句:
  • The cold wind condenses vapor into rain.冷风使水蒸气凝结成雨。
  • This new machine sometimes transpires a lot of hot vapor.这部机器有时排出大量的热气。
7 noxious zHOxB     
adj.有害的,有毒的;使道德败坏的,讨厌的
参考例句:
  • Heavy industry pollutes our rivers with noxious chemicals.重工业产生的有毒化学品会污染我们的河流。
  • Many household products give off noxious fumes.很多家用产品散发有害气体。
8 gaseous Hlvy2     
adj.气体的,气态的
参考例句:
  • Air whether in the gaseous or liquid state is a fluid.空气,无论是气态的或是液态的,都是一种流体。
  • Freon exists both in liquid and gaseous states.氟利昂有液态和气态两种形态。
9 volatile tLQzQ     
adj.反复无常的,挥发性的,稍纵即逝的,脾气火爆的;n.挥发性物质
参考例句:
  • With the markets being so volatile,investments are at great risk.由于市场那么变化不定,投资冒着很大的风险。
  • His character was weak and volatile.他这个人意志薄弱,喜怒无常。
10 ratification fTUx0     
n.批准,认可
参考例句:
  • The treaty is awaiting ratification.条约正等待批准。
  • The treaty is subject to ratification.此条约经批准后才能生效。
11 insulation Q5Jxt     
n.隔离;绝缘;隔热
参考例句:
  • Please examine the insulation of the electric wires in my house.请检查一下我屋子里电线的绝缘情况。
  • It is always difficult to assure good insulation between the electric leads.要保证两个电触头之间有良好的绝缘总是很困难的。
12 neutralize g5hzm     
v.使失效、抵消,使中和
参考例句:
  • Nothing could neutralize its good effects.没有什么能抵消它所产生的好影响。
  • Acids neutralize alkalis and vice versa.酸能使碱中和碱,亦能使酸中和。
13 resentment 4sgyv     
n.怨愤,忿恨
参考例句:
  • All her feelings of resentment just came pouring out.她一股脑儿倾吐出所有的怨恨。
  • She cherished a deep resentment under the rose towards her employer.她暗中对她的雇主怀恨在心。
14 mighty YDWxl     
adj.强有力的;巨大的
参考例句:
  • A mighty force was about to break loose.一股巨大的力量即将迸发而出。
  • The mighty iceberg came into view.巨大的冰山出现在眼前。
15 intrigue Gaqzy     
vt.激起兴趣,迷住;vi.耍阴谋;n.阴谋,密谋
参考例句:
  • Court officials will intrigue against the royal family.法院官员将密谋反对皇室。
  • The royal palace was filled with intrigue.皇宫中充满了勾心斗角。
16 propitiatory HRQx9     
adj.劝解的;抚慰的;谋求好感的;哄人息怒的
参考例句:
  • She saw the flowers as a propitiatory offering. 在她看来,送花是主动和解的表示。
  • He sent her flowers as a propitiatory gesture. 他将花送给她以求好感。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
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