the following appeared in the health section of glenntown's local newspaper.

　　"several national medical studies suggest that older people who have pets tend to enjoy better health than those who do not have pets: those who have pets have lower rates of high blood pressure and arthritis¹. it seems clear that having to care for an animal promotes good health for the older person. therefore, glenntown should establish a program to give a small pet such as a dog or cat to all of its citizens who are over the age of 65. this will help to insure that our senior citizens enjoy good health and have fewer medical bills."

　　the following appeared in a report by the school district of eyleria.

　　"nationally, the average ratio of computers to students in kindergarten through grade 12 (k-12) is 1:5. educators indicate that this is very good ratio. this means that across the country, all students have access to and can use computers daily in their classrooms. in eyleria's k-12 schools, the ratio of computers to students is 1:7. this number is sufficient to ensure that all of eyleria's students, by the time they graduate from high school, will be fully² proficient³ in the use of computer technology. thus, there is no reason to spend any of the schools' budget on computers or other technology in the next few years."

　　the following appeared as a letter to the editor of a local solano newspaper.

　　"the solano school district should do away with its music education programs. after all, music programs are not especially popular in our schools: only 20 percent of our high school students participated in music programs last year. furthermore, very few of the solano district's college- bound students are interested in majoring in music at the university level. also, when the school district of our neighboring town of rutherford eliminated its music programs two years ago, the overall grade point average in the high school increased by 10 percent the next year. surely the money spent on solano music programs could be better used to improve the quality of traditional academic courses."

　　the following appeared as part of a memo⁴ from the manager of a hazardous-waste disposal company.

　　"our new plan will help us better protect our staff against exposure to toxic⁵ chemicals: we are fitting each new safety suit with an alarm that will sound in the main control booth when the suit is punctured⁶. the control booth will notify the managers on duty, who will then take the necessary steps to ensure employees' safety. in addition to the obvious safety-related benefits, the fast reaction time will ensure minimal⁷ work stoppage and thus result in increased worker productivity and company profitability."

　　the following appeared as an editorial in one of coleville's city newspapers.

　　"even though a high percentage of coleville city's businesses failed last year, we who live in coleville city should keep in mind the fact that the coleville region has attracted a great many new businesses over the last three years. it is well known that new businesses are, on average, much more likely to fail than are long-established ones, so the business failures should not be considered a sign of poor economic health. indeed, many analysts⁸ regard the presence of a significant number of new companies among a region's businesses as a sign of economic health. thus coleville city appears to be in good, not poor, economic shape."

　　the following appeared in the editorial section of a student newspaper.

　　"in a recent survey, most students who were studying beginning russian gave higher course-evaluation ratings to classes taught by non-native russian speakers than to classes taught by native russian speakers. the reason that the non-native speakers were better teachers of russian is easy to see: the non-native speakers learned russian later in life themselves, and so they have a better understanding of how the language can be taught effectively. therefore, in order to improve instruction for all languages and also save money, our university should hire non-native speakers as language instructors⁹ instead of trying to find and recruit native speakers."