SECTION IV

Time-35 minutes

26 Questions

Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately¹ and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsense² standards implausible, superfluous³, or incompatible⁴ with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

　1.The recent increases in health insurance premiums⁵ are unnecessary and excessive. While the inflation rate is and has been stable at 5 percent for the past five years, during the same period the average cost of health insurance has increased annually⁶ by 10 to 20 percent. Recent studies show that the population is healthier now than ever before, and thus indicate that the insurance comparuies' claims of higher health-care costs are unfounded and merely relect the quest for higher profits.

　Which one of the following statements, if true undermunes the conclusion in the passage?

　(A) The incidence of lung cancer among men who smoke has decreased in recent years.
　(B) Improvements in health have occurred because of a dramatic increase in the use of expensive medical equipment, tests, and drugs.
　(C) Increased health insurance premiums will force some people to drop their medical coverage⁷, thus adversely⁸ affecting their future health.
　(D) Health insurance currently covers fewer health problems than it did in the past
　(E) Though there are fewer health insurance companies today, their earnings⁹ are higher than they have ever been.
　
　2.In the open ocean, a shark will catch almost any small fish it decides to attack. The best chance a small fish has, once it is spotted¹⁰ by a hungry shark, it that the shark will promptly¹¹ find something else to attack.Therefore, one of the benefits gained by small fish that swim in large groups known as schools is a reduced cnance of being attacked by a shark.

　Which one of the following statements is an assumption on which the author's argument depends?

　(A) Sharks live primarily on a diet of small fish
　(B) Sharks do not eat an entire school of fish at one time.
　(C) The sheer number of fish in a school prevents sharks from attacking
　(D) Sharks are the main danger to small fish in the open ocean.
　(E) Small fish are able to sense when they are being spotted by sharks.

Questions 3-4

　Publicly owned resources will always be abused. Take the example of cattle grazing. Where the individual has free access to publiclv owned rangeland, he or she always has an incentive¹² to graze more and more cattle regardless of the consequences, because the benefits are captured by the individual grazer while the costs of reduced range quality are borne by all taxpayers¹³. Private landowners are less likely to abuse their own land, however, because they must pay the entire cost.

　3.Which one of the following, if true, would most tend to weaken the author's argument for the conclusion that publicly owned resources will always be abused?

　(A) Many people who privately¹⁴ own resources abuse them in sume of the personal consequences.
　(B) Some publicly owned resources are so extensive that it would take widespread abuse before their juallty is affected¹⁵.
　(C) Some individuals have no choice but to rely on public resources in the pursuit or their livelihood¹⁶.
　(D) People do not want to lose access to public resources, yet they realize that they will if those resources are ruined through abuse.
　(E) Resources are always devalued when everyone has access to them because they are no longer a rare commodity in high demand.

　4.Which one of the following could be best supported by the same type of reasoning as that exhibited in the passage?

　(A) The supply of beverages¹⁷ at the annual office picnic will last longer if people pay for them on a per-beverage basis rather than everyone in the office being charged a flat fee.
　(B) A math teacher provides his students with after-school tutoring on several days because no single day is good for everyone.
　(C) A tennis club starts charging flat annual membership fees instead of pay-as-you-play court fees in order to ensure a regular club income.
　(D) A social service agency varies its charges for services because some people are able to pay more than others.
　(E) A tobacco tax is instituted in order to fund improvements in public education

　5.The city is vigorously enforcing the ordinance¹⁸ against allowing individuals to sleep in the bus depot¹⁹. The mayor argues that such vigorous enforcement is fair, evenhanded, and administered in the best traditions of equal treatment for all "No one can sleep in the bus depot," the mayor has said, "whether you're homefess or the chief executive of a major corporation." This brings to mind a remark once made by a political commentator²⁰. The law in its majestic²¹ equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal bread, it's time for the mayor to come to rus senses.
　
　The passage as a whole is structured to lead which one of the following conclusions?

　(A) People should not be treated equally with respect to enforcing the ordinance vigorously.
　(B) Everyone should be treated equally with respect to enforcing the ordinance vigorously.
　(C) The vigorous enforcement of the ordinance does not qualify as equal treatment for all
　(D) The law holds poor people to stricter standards than it does rich people.
　(E) In a truly equal legal system, no one would sleep in bus depots²².
　　
　6.Although physicians are alleged²³ to hide their colleagues' medical incompetence²⁴, today that practice could be professional suicide. Because so many medical advances are well-known by all doctors, obscuring someone's incompetent²⁵ procedure is almost impossible when a claimant choose to pursue a case. Thus, in malpractice suits, physicians risk their own reputations if they testify falsely to protect their friends.

　Which one of the following is an assumption supporting the conclusion in the passage?

　(A) Physicians' professional success depends upon their good reputations.
　(B) Incompetent physicians should be exposed before they commit malpractice.
　(C) False testimony²⁶ is morally wrong regardless of one's protession.
　(D) Physicians should do everything possible to protect themselves from malpractice claims.
　(E) Times have changed and physicians today must keep up on all medical advances

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