20. Anthropological¹ studies indicate that distinct cultures differs in their moral codes. Thus, as long as there are distinct cultures there are no values shared across cultures

　　Each of the following, if true, would weaken the argument EXCEPT"

(A) Anthropologists rely on inadequate² translation techniques to investigate the 　　values of cultures that use languages different from the anthropologists 　　languages.
(B) As a result of advancing technology and global communication we will 　　someday all share the same sulture and the same values
(C) Although specific moral values differ across cultures, more general moral 　　principles, such as "Friendship is good" are common to all cultures
(D) The anthropologists who have studied various cultures have been biased³ in 　　favor of finding differences rather than similarities between distinct cultures
(E) What appear to be differences in values between distinct cultures are 　　nothing more than differences in beliefs about how to live in accordance 　　with shared values.

21. Newspaper editor. Law enforcenment experts, as well as most citizens, have finally come to recognize that legal prohibitions⁵ against gambling⁶ all share a common flaw no matter how diligent⁷ the effort, the laws are impossible to enforce. Ethical⁸ qualms⁹ notwithstanding, when a law fails to be effective it should not be a law. That is why there should be no legal prohibition⁴ against gambling.

　　Which one of the following if assumed. allows the argument s conclusion to be properly drawn¹⁰?

(A) No effective law is unenforceable
(B) All enforceable laws are effective
(C) No legal prohibitions against gambling are enforceable
(D) Most citizens must agree with a law for the law to be effective
(E) Most citizens must agree with a law for the law to be enforceable.

22. Copernicus s astronomical¹¹ system is superior to Ptolemy s and was so at the time it was proposed, even though at that time all observational evidence was equally consistent with both theories. Ptolemy believed that the stars revolved¹² around the earth at great speeds. This struck Copernicus as unlikely, he correctly thought that a simpler theory is that the earth rotates on its axis¹³.

　　The argument most closely conforms to which one of the following principles?

(A) Simplicity¹⁴ should be the sole deciding factor in choosing among competing 　　scientific theories
(B) If one theory is likely to be true, and another competing theory is likely to be 　　false, then the one likely to be true is the superior of the two.
(C) If all observational evidence is consistent with two competing theories, the 　　one that is more intuitively true is the more practical theory to adopt.
(D) Other things being equal the more complex of two competing theories is the 　　inferior theory
(E) Other things being equal, the simpler of two competing theories is the more 　　scientifically important theory.

23. Easayist The existence of a moral order in the universe—i.e..an order in which bad is always eventually punished and good rewarded—depends upon human souls being immortal¹⁵. In some cultures this moral order is regarded as the result of a karma that controls how one is reincarnated¹⁶, in others it results from the actions of a supreme¹⁷ being who metes¹⁸ out justice to people after their death. But however a moral order is represented if human souls are immortal then if follows that the bad will be punished

　　Which one of the following most accurately¹⁹ describes a flaw in the essayist s reasoning?

(A) From the assertion that something is necessary to a moral order the 　　argument concludes that that thing is sufficient for an element of the moral 　　order to be realized
(B) The argument takes mere beliefs to be established facts
(C) From the claim that the immortality of human souls implies that there is a 　　moral order in the universe the argument concludes that there being a 　　moral order in the universe implies that human souls are immortal
(D) The argument treats two fundamentally different conceptions of a moral 　　order as essentially the same
(E) The argument s conclusion is presupposed in the definition it gives of a 　　moral order

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