Questions 12-13

　　Public health will improve more quickly in the wake of new medical discoveries if medical researchers abandon their practice of waiting until their findings are published in peer-reviewed journals before informing the press of important research results. That is because the public release of new medical information allows people to use that information in order to improve their health, but the peer-review process is unavoidably very slow.

12. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Many medical researchers do not agree to serve as reviewers when their 　　own research is in a critical phase
(B) Reviewers for many medical journals are not themselves medical 　　researchers.
(C) People would use new medical information even if it were not first published 　　in peer-reviewed journals.
(D) The peer-review process could be speeded up enough to produce a 　　significant improvement in public health
(E) New medical information that is first published in peer-reviewed journals 　　does not usually receive public attention

13. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

(A) Peer review often prevents the publication of false conclusions drawn¹ on the 　　basis of poorly conducted medical research
(B) People often alter their life-styles on the basis of new medical information 　　made available through the press.
(C) Some improvements in public health are due to factors other than the 　　discovery of new medical information
(D) Some newspapers would be willing to publish the results of medical 　　research before those results have appeared in peer-reviewed journals
(E) Most peer-reviewed scientific journals would refuse to give up the practice of 　　peer review.

14. Between 1977 and 1987, the country of Ravonia lost about 12,000 jobs in logging and wood processing representing a 15 percent decrease in employment in the country s timber industry. Paradoxically, this loss of jobs occurred even as the amount of wood taken from the forests of Ravonia increased by 10 percent

　　Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent paradox²?

(A) Not since the 1950s has the timber industry been Ravonia s most important 　　industry economically.
(B) Between 1977 and 1987, the total number of acres of timberland in Ravonia 　　fell, while the demand for wood products increased.
(C) Since 1977, a growing proportion of the timber that has been cut in Ravonia 　　has been exported as raw, unprocessed wood.
(D) Since 1977, domestic sales of wood and wood products have increased by 　　more than export sales have increased.
(E) In 1977, overall unemployment in Ravonia was approximately 10 percent; in 　　1987, Ravonia s unemployment rate was 15 percent.

15. To perform an act that is morally wrong is to offend against humanity, and all offenses³ against humanity are equally bad. Because murder is morally wrong, it is just as bad to have murdered one person by setting off a bomb as it would have been to have murdered a hundred people by setting off that bomb.

　　Which one of the following judgments⁴ conforms to the principles invoked⁵ above?

(A) If lying is morally wrong, telling a lie is as bad as murdering someone
(B) Risking one s life to save the lives of a hundred people is morally no better 　　than risking one s life to save one person.
(C) If stealing is morally wrong, it is equally important to society to prevent 　　people from stealing as it is to prevent then from committing murder.
(D) Accidentally causing the death of a person is just as bad as murdering that 　　person.
(E) In a situation in which the life of one person can be saved only by killing⁶ 　　another person, killing and not killing are equally bad.

16. In yesterday s council election a majority of voters supported conservative candidates,and a majority of voters supported candidates who voted in favor of the antipollution act Therefore, it must be that a majority of voters in yesterday s council election supported conservative candidates who voted in favor of the antipollution act.

　　Which one of the following is an argument that contains flawed reasoning most similar to the flawed reasoning in the argument above?

(A) Bill claims that soil can be damaged if it tilled when it is too wet, an Sue 　　claims that seeds planted in wet soil can rot Therefore, if both claims are 　　true, gardeners who till and plant their gardens when the soil is wet 　　damage both their soil and their seeds.
(B) According to Sara, most children like pies. According to Robert, most 　　children like blueberries So if Sara and Robert are both right, it must be 　　that most children like pies that contain blueberries
(C) Mark will go on a picnic today only if it does not rain Susan will go on a 　　picnic today only if Mark goes too. Since it is not going to rain today, both 　　Mark and Susan will go on a picnic.
(D) The majority of customers who regularly eat at this restaurant always order 　　both fish and stuffed mushrooms. Thus, fish and stuffed mushrooms must 　　be the restaurant s most frequently ordered dishes.
(E) Most people living at Gina s house cook well. Since most people at Gina s 　　house enjoy eating well-cooked meals, most meals served at Gina s house 　　are cooked well.

17. Politician: Crities of wetlands-protection bill are delaying passage of this important legislation merely on the grounds that they disagree with its new more restricive definition of the term "wetlands". But this bill will place stricter limits on the evelopment of wetlands than the existing regulations do. Therefore, in quibbling over semanties. crities of this bill show that they care little about what really happens to our wetlands.

　　The politician s reply to the opponents of the wetlands-protection bill is most vulnerable to which one of the following criticisms?

(A) It falsely identifies the motives⁷ of those who have criticized the wetlands-　　protection bill with the motives of all those who are opposed to conservation
(B) It does not adequately recognize the possibility that the definition of the 　　word"wetlands" determines the impact of the legislation
(C) It assumes without justification⁸ that those who criticized the wetlands-　　protection bill stand to profit if the bill is defeated.
(D) It fails to provide a defense for a less restrictive definition of "wetlands"
(E) It attempts to defend the credibility of the author of the bil rather than 　　defending the bill itself

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