Questions 18-19

Dillworth: More and more people are deciding not to have children because of the personal and economic sacrifices children require and because so often children are ungrateful for the considerable sacrifices their parents do make for them: However, such considerations have no bearing on the fact that their children provide the best chance most people have of ensuring that their values live on after them. Therefore, for anyone with deeply held values, foregoing parenthood out of reluctance¹ to make sacrifices for which little gratitude² can be expected would probably be a mistake

Travers: Your reasoning ignores another fact that deserves consideration children s ingratitude³ for parental⁴ sacrifices usually stems from a wholesale⁵ rejection⁶ of parental values.

18. Dillworth employs which one of the following argumentative strategies?

(A) showing that considerations cited as drawbacks to given course of action 　　are not really drawbacks at all
(B) exposing as morally suspect the motives⁷ of people who would make the 　　choice that Dillworth rejects
(C) indirectly⁸ establishing that a given course of action is obligatory⁹ by arguing 　　that the alternative course of action is prohibited
(D) distinguishing a category of person for whom the reason presented in favor 　　of a given course of action is more telling than the reasons cited against 　　that course of action
(E) using evidence that a certain course of action would be appropriate under 　　one set of conditions to arrive at a general conclusion about what would be 　　appropriate in all cases.

19. The point of Travers rejoinder to Dillworth s argument is that

(A) Dillowrth s assumption that children acquire values only from their parents is 　　mistaken
(B) it is a mistake to dismiss as irrelevant¹⁰ the personal and economic sacrifices 　　people are called on to make for the sake of their children
(C) Dillworth has overlooked the well-known fact that people with deeply held 　　values not infrequently reject opposing values that are deeply held by 　　others.
(D) the desire to perpetuate¹¹ their values should not be a factor in people s 　　decision to have children
(E) the fact than children are often ungrateful for parental sacrifices is not 　　irrelevant to decidmg whether to have children in order to perpetuate one s 　　values

20. Until about 400 million years ago. fishes—the first true swimmers—were iawless Their feeding methods were limited to either sucking in surface plankton¹² or sucking in food particles from bottom mud. With the development of biting jaws¹³. however, the life of fishes changed dramatically, since jaws allowed them actively¹⁴ to pursue prey¹⁵, to seize it in their jaws, and to manipulate it between their teeth. The jawed¹⁶ fishes then developed along two main lines one retained cartilage for its skeletons. for its skeletons, for example, sharks and rays: the other adopted bone as its principal skeletal material. From the latter group evolved the most abundant and diverse of all of today s vertebrate groups. the "teleosts" some 21,000 species, which vary from barracudas to sea horses

　　If all of the statements in the passage are true which one of the following must also the true?

(A) Fish are the primary prey of all jawed fishes
(B) The jawless¹⁷ fishes did not prey upon other fish
(C) Teleosts do not feed upon particles found in bottom mud
(D) Jawless fishes did not have cartilage as their skeletal material
(E) Jawless fishes became extinct approximately 400 million years ago

21. Nuclear reactors¹⁹ are sometimes built in "geologically quiet" regions, so called by geologists²⁰ because such regions are distant from plate boundaries and contain only minor²¹ faults. Since no minor fault in a geologically quiet region produces an earthquake more often than once in any given 100,000-year period, it follows that of all potential nuclear reactor¹⁸ sites in such a region those that are least likely to be struck by an earthquake are ones located near a fault that has produced an earthquake within living memory

　　Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Geologically quiet regions are the least dangerous regions in which to build 　　nuclear reactors.
(B) For any potential nuclear reactor site the likelihood of being struck by an 　　earthquake is the primary determinant of site safety
(C) In a geologically quiet region every potential nuclear reactor site is near at 　　least one minor fault
(D) Nuclear reactors that are located in geologically quiet regions are built to 　　withstand at least one but not necessarily more than one earthquake of 　　minor to moderate force
(E) Earthquake faults in geologically quiet regrons produce earthquakes at least 　　once in 100,000 years.

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