Questions 22-23

Magazine editor: I know that some of our regular advertisers have been pressuring us to give favorable mention to their products in our articles, but they should realize that for us to yield to their wishes would actually be against their interests. To remain an effective advertising¹ vehicle we must have loyal readership, and we would soon lost that readership if our readers suspect that our editorial integrity has been compromised by pandering² to advertisers.

Advertising-sales director: You underestimate the sophistication of our readers. They recognize that the advertisements we carry are not articles, so their response to the advertisements has never depended on their opinion of the editorial integrity of the magazine as a whole.

22. Which one of the following is the most accurate assessment³ of the advertising-sales director s argument as a response to the magazine editor s argument?

(A) It succeeds because it shows that the editor s argument depends on an 　　unwarranted assumption about factors affecting an advertisement s 　　effectiveness
(B) It success because it exposes as mistaken the editor s estimation of the 　　sophistication of the magazine s readers.
(C) It succeeds because it undermines the editor s claim about how the 　　magazine s editorial integrity would be affected⁴ by allowing advertisers to 　　influence articles.
(D) It fails because the editor s argument does not depend on any assumption 　　about readers response to the advertisements they see in the magazine.
(E) It fails because it is based on a misunderstanding of the editor s view about 　　how readers respond to advertiseements they see in the magazie.

23. The magazine editor s argument assumes which one of the following?

(A) A magazine editor should never be influenced in the performance of his or 　　her professional duties by the wishes of the companies that regularly 　　advertise in the magazine.
(B) The magazine cannot give any favorable mention in its articles to its regular 　　advertisers without compromising its reputation for editorial integrity
(C) Favorable mention of their products in the magazine s articles is of less 　　value to the advertisers than is the continued effectiveness of the magazine 　　as an advertising vehicle.
(D) Giving favorable mention to a product in a magazine article is a more 　　effective form of advertising than is an explicit⁵ advertisement for the product 　　in the same magazine.
(E) Carrying paid advertisements can never pose any threat to the magazine s 　　reputation for editorial integrity nor to the loyalty⁶ of its readership.

24. Public policy dictates⁷ the health risks the public routinely takes. Statistical⁸ arguments about health risks are used primarily to deflect⁹ public fears, while contributing little to policy debate. For example, statisties are cited to imply that wearing a seat belt reduces one s risk of death in an automobile¹⁰ accident, deflecting¹¹ attention from the fact that a transportation policy that promotes increasing use of automobiles¹² inherently increases any individual s risk of death in an automobile accident.

　　The way the example functions above is most closely paralleled in which one of the following?

(A) Statisties indicate that an individual s risk of contracting cancer from 　　radiation emitted by a nuclear power plant is less than that of contracting 　　cancer from sunshine. These statisties draw attention away from the fact 　　that a policy of energy conservation is safer for human health than a policy 　　based on nuclear energy.
(B) Statisties indicate that an urban resident s risk of accidental death from any 　　cause is no greater than that of an individual who lives in a suburban¹³ or 　　rural area. These statisties counter the widely held public belief that urban 　　areas are more dangerous than suburban or rural areas.
(C) Statisties indicate that the average life expectancy¹⁴ of males is shorter than 　　that of females. This alone shoud not influence policies regarding eligibility¹⁵ 　　for life insurance because it is also true that any individual s expectancy 　　can be calculated on the basis of personal characteristies and health 　　practices.
(D) Statisties indicate that the average life expectancy of males is shorter than 　　that of females. When one accounts for the fact that females smoke less 　　and are less likely to work in jobs in the chemical and manufacturing 　　industries, the difference in life expectancy is narrowed.
(E) Statisties indicate that the number of people dependent on alcohol far 　　exceeds the number dependent on illegal addictive¹⁶ drugs; thus, any policy 　　for the control and treatment of substance abuse should provide for 　　treatment of alcoholism.

25. S: It would be premature¹⁷ to act to halt the threatened "global warming trend," since that alleged¹⁸ trend might not be real. After all, scientists disagree about is, some predicting over twice as much warming as others, so clearly their predictions cannot be based on firm evidence

W; Most scientist consider discussions of accepted ideas boring, and prefer to argue about what is not known, According to the International Science Council there is a consensus¹⁹ among reputable investigators²⁰ that average global warning in the next century will be from 1.5 to 4.5 C.

W s rejoinder proceeds by

(A) denying the existence of the disagreements cited by S
(B) accepting S s conclusion while disputing the reasons offered for it.
(C) relying on authorities whose views conflict with the views of the authorities 　　cited by S
(D) putting disagreements cited by S in perspective by emphasizing similarities.
(E) reasoning in a circle by accepting evidence only if it agrees with a desired 　　conclusion

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