Questions 17-18

　　Although tales of wonder and the fantastic are integral to all world literatures, only recently has the fantasy genre¹ had a commercial resurgence² in North America. During the last 20 years, sales of fantasy-fiction books written for adults have gone from 1 to 10 percent of total adult-fiction sales. At the same time, the number of total adult-fiction sales. At the same time, the number of favorable reviews of fantasy books has increased markedly. Some booksellers say that the increased sales of fantasy books written for adults can be traced to the increased favorable attention given the genre by book reviewers

17. Which one of the following, if true undermines the booksellers explanation of the growth in sales of fantasy-fiction books for adults?

(A) Publishers often select a manuscript on the basis of whether they think that 　　the published book will receive favorable reviews by book reviewers
(B) Few readers of fantasy fiction read book reviews and even fewer select 　　books to purchase on the basis of those reviews
(C) Most booksellers are aware of what major book reviewers have written about 　　recently published books.
(D) Although the increase in the percentage of fantasy books sold has been 　　substantial, publishers estimate that sales could increase even further.
(E) Many of the book reviews of new fantasy-fiction novels also mention great 　　fantasy novels of the past

18. Which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the booksellers explanation of the growth in sales of fantasy-fiction books for adults?

(A) Many experts report that on average the reading level of book buyers has 　　declined over the past 20 years
(B) Because life during the past 20 years has become complex and difficult, 　　many readers have come to prefer the happy endings that fantasy fiction 　　often provides
(C) Some fantasy publishers take advantage of the popularity of certain books 　　by commissioning similar books.
(D) Because few readers of mystery novels were buying fantasy fiction 10 years 　　ago the major publishers of fantasy fiction created an advertising³ campaign 　　directed specifically at those readers.
(E) After fantasy fiction began to be favorably reviewed by respected crities 20 　　years ago, book buyers began to regard fantasy books as suitable reading 　　for adults.

19. Of all the houses in the city s historic district, the house that once belonged to the Tyler family is the most famous by far Since the historic district is the most famous district in the city. the Tyler house must be the city s most famous house.

　　The flawed reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels the flawed reasoning in which one of the following?

(A) Of all the peaks in the coastal⁴ mountain range, Mount Williams is the 　　tallest. Since the tallest peaks in the entire region are in the coastal 　　mountain range, Mount Williams must be the region s tallest peak
(B) Tobacco smoking is the behavior most likely to cause lung cancer in 　　people. Since more tobacco is smoked in Greene County than anywhere 　　else in the world, there must be more lung cancer in Greene County than 　　anywhere else in the world
(C) Susan Coleman is the oldest of the three children in her family Since the 　　three Coleman children are each older than any of the other children who 　　live in their building. Susan Coleman must be the oldest child now living in 　　the building
(D) Of all the fish stores in the harbors area. Miller⁵ s Fish Market has the most 　　exotic selection of fish Since there are many more fish stores in the harbor 　　area than anywhere else in the city. Miller s Fish Market must have the 　　most exotic selection of fish in the city.
(E) Of all the flowers grown in the university s botanical garden, the Oakland 　　roses are the most beautiful. Since the university s botanical garden is the 　　most beautiful garden in the regio, the Oakland roses grown in the garden 　　must be the most beautiful flowers grown in the entire region

20. Morton: In order to succeed in today s society one must have a college degree. Skepties have objected that there are many people who never completed any education beyond high school but who are nevertheless quite successful. This success is only apparent, however, because without a college degree a person does not have enough education to be truly successful

　　Morten s argument is flawed because it

(A) assumes what it sets out to conclude
(B) mistakes a correlation⁶ for a cause
(C) draws a highly general conclusion from evidence about individual cases
(D) fails to consider the status of alleged⁷ counterexamples
(E) bases its conclusion on the supposition that most people believe in that 　　conclusion

21. Even the earliest known species of land animats, known from fossils dating from the late Silurian period 400 million years age show highly evolved adaptations to life on land. Since neither aquatic⁸ nor amphibious animals exhibit these adaptations, early species of land animals must have evolved very rapidly after leaving an aquatic environment.

　　Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Known fossils of early land animals include fossils of animals that lived 　　relatively⁹ soon after the first emergence¹⁰ of land animals
(B) Fossils from the late Silurian period represent only a small number of the 　　animal species that were alive at that time
(C) No plants were established on land before the late Silurian period.
(D) No present-day species of aquatic animal is descended¹¹ from a species of 　　animal that once lived on land
(E) All anmals alive in the late Silurian period lived either exclusively on land or 　　exclusively in the water.

22. On Saturday Melvin suggested that Jerome take the following week off from work and accompany him on a trip to the mountains. Jerome refused claiming that he could not afford the cost of the trip added to the wages he would forfeit¹² by taking off withoud notice. It is clear, however, that cost cannot be the real reason for Jerome s unwillingness¹³ to go with Melvin to the Mountains since he makes the same excuse every time Melvin asks him to take an unscheduled vacation regardless of where Melvin proposes to go

　　The reasoning is most vulnerable to which one of the following criticisms?

(A) It attmepts to forestall¹⁴ an attack on Melvin s behavior by focusing attention 　　on the behavior of Jerome.
(B) It fails to establish that Melvin could no more afford to take an unscheduled 　　vacation trip to the mountains than could Jerome
(C) It overlooks the possibility that Jerome, unlike Melvin prefers vacations that 　　have been planned far in advance
(D) It assumes that if Jerome s professed¹⁵ reason is not his only reason then it 　　cannot be a real reason for Jerome at all
(E) It does not examine the possibility that Jerome s behavior is adequately 　　explained by the reason the gives for it.

23. Arnold: I was recently denied a seat on an airline flight for which I had a confirmed reservation. because the airline had overbooked the flight. Since I was forced to fly on the next available flight, which did not depart until two hours later, I missed an important business meeting. Even though the flight on which I had a reservation was canceled at the last minute due to bad weather, the airline should still pay me compensation for denying me a seat on the flight.

Jamie : The airline is not morally obligated to pay you any compensation. Even if you had not been denied a seat on the earlier flight, you would have missed your business meeting anyway

A principle that, if established, justifies¹⁶ Jamie s response to Arnold is that an airline is morally obligated to compensate¹⁷ a passenger who has been denied a seat on a flight for which the passenger has confirmed reservations

(A) if the only reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight is that the 　　airling overbooked the original flight
(B) only if there is a reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight other 　　than the original flight s being canceled due to bad weather
(C) only if the passenger would not have been forced to take a later flight had 　　the airling not overbooked the original flight.
(D) even if the only reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight were 　　that the original flight is canceled due to bad weather
(E) even if the passenger would still have been forced to take a later flight had 　　the airline not overbooked the original flight

24. Ditrama is a federatin made up of three autonomus regions. Korva. Mitro, and Guadar, Under the federal revenue-sharing plan, each region receives a share of federa revenues equal to the share of the total population of Ditrama residing in that region as shown by a yearly populatin survey Last year the percentage of federal revenues Korva received for its share deereased somewhat even though the population surve on which the revenue-sharing was based showed that Korva s population had increased

　　If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also have been shown by the population survey on which last year s revenue-sharing in Dirama was based?

(A) Of the three regions Korva had the smallest number of residents
(B) The population of Korva grew by a smaller percentage than it did in previous 　　years
(C) The populations of Mitro and Guadar each increased by a percentage that 　　exceeded the percentage by which the population of Korva mcreased.
(D) Of the three regions. Korva s numerical inerease in population was the 　　smallest
(E) Korva s population grew by a smaller percentage than did the population of 　　at least one of the other two autonomous¹⁸ regions.

25. By examining fossilized beetles²⁰ a research team has produced the most detailed²¹ description yet of temperatures in Britain over the past 22,000 years Fossils of species that still exist were selected and dated. Whey individuals of several species found in the same place were found to date to the same period the known temperature tolerances²² of the existing beetle¹⁹ species were found to date to the same period the known temperature tolerances of the existing beetle species were used to determin the maximum summer temperature that could have existed at that place and period

　　The procedure of the researchers assumes which one of the following?

(A) Beetles can tolerate warm weather better than cold weather
(B) Fossils of different species found in the same place belonged to different 　　periods
(C) The process of dating is more accurate for beetles than for other organisms
(D) The highest actuai summer temperature at a place and period equaled the 　　average of the highest temperatures that could have been tolerated by each 　　of the beetle species found there and dated to that period
(E) The temperature tolerances of the beetle species did not change 　　significantly during the 22,000-year period

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