19. It takes 365.25 days for the Earth to make one complete revolution around the sun. Long ？standing¹ convention makes a year 365 days long, with an extra day added every fourth year, and the year is divided into 52 seven-day weeks. But since 52 times 7 is only 364, anniversaries do not fall on the same day of the week each year. Many scheduling problems could be avoided if the last day of each year and an additional day every fourth year belonged to no week, so that January 1 would be a Sunday every year.

　　The proposal above, once put into effect, would be most likely to result in continued scheduling conflicts for which one of the following groups？

　　（A） people who have birthdays or other anniversaries on December 30 or 31

　　（B） employed people whose strict religious observances require that they refrain from working every seventh day

　　（C） school systems that require students to attend classes a specific number of days each year

　　（D） employed people who have three-day breaks from work when holidays are celebrated² on Mondays or Fridays

　　（E） people who have to plan events several years before those events occur

　　20. Graphologists claim that it is possible to detect permanent character traits by examining people's handwriting. For example, a strong cross on the "t" is supposed to denote enthusiasm. Obviously, however, with practice and perseverance³ people can alter their handwriting to include this feature. So it seems that graphologists must hold that permanent character traits can be changed.

　　The argument against graphology proceeds by

　　（A） citing apparently⁴ incontestable evidence that leads to absurd consequences when conjoined with the view in question

　　（B） demonstrating that an apparently controversial and interesting claim is really just a platitude⁵

　　（C） arguing that a particular technique of analysis can never be effective when the people analyzed⁶ know that it is being used

　　（D） showing that proponents⁷ of the view have no theoretical justification⁸ for the view

　　（E） attacking a technique by arguing that what the technique is supposed to detect can be detected quite readily without it

　　Question 21 -22

　　Historian： There is no direct evidence that timber was traded between the ancient nations of Poran and Nayal, but the fact that a law setting tariffs⁹ on timber imports from Poran was enacted¹⁰ during the third Nayalese dynasty does suggest that during that period a timber trade was co9nducted.

　　Critic： Your reasoning is flawed. During its third dynasty, Nayal may well have imported timber from Poran, but certainly on today's statute¹¹ books there remain many laws regulating activities that were once common but in which people no longer engage.

　　21. The critic's response to the historian's reasoning does which one of the following？

　　（A） It implies an analogy between the present and the past.

　　（B） It identifies a general principle that the historian's reasoning violates.

　　（C） It distinguishes between what has been established as a certainty and what has been established as a possibility.

　　（D） It establishes explicit¹² criteria¹³ that must be used in evaluating indirect evidence.

　　（E） It points out the dissimilar roles that law plays in societies that are distinct from one another.

　　22. The critic抯 response to the historian is flawed because it

　　（A） produces evidence that is consistent with there not having been any timber trade between Poran and Nayal during the third Nayalese dynasty

　　（B） cites current laws without indicating whether the laws cited are relevant to the timber trade

　　（C） fails to recognize that the historian's conclusion was based on indirect evidence rather than direct evidence

　　（D） takes no account of the difference between a law's enactment¹⁴ at a particular time and a law's existence as part of a legal code at a particular time

　　（E） accepts without question that assumption about the purpose of laws that underlies¹⁵ the historian's argument

　　23. The workers at Bell Manufacturing will shortly go on strike unless the management increases their wages. As Bell's president is well aware, however, in order to increase the worker's wages, Bell would have to sell off some of its subsidiaries. So, some of Bell's subsidiaries will be sold.

　　The conclusion above is properly drawn¹⁶ if which one of the following is assumed？

　　（A） Bell Manufacturing will begin to suffer increased losses.

　　（B） Bell's management will refuse to increase its worker's wages.

　　（C） The workers at Bell Manufacturing will not be going on strike.

　　（D） Bell's president has the authority to offer the workers their desired wage increase.

　　（E） Bell's workers will not accept a package of improved benefits in place of their desired wage increase.

　　24. One sure way you can tell how quickly a new idea ？for example, the idea of "privatization" is taking hold among the population is to monitor how fast the word or words expressing that particular idea are passing into common usage. Professional opinions of whether or not words can indeed be said to have passed into common usage are available from dictionary editors, who are vitally concerned with this question.

　　The method described above for determining how quickly a new idea is taking hold relies on which one of the following assumptions？

　　（A） Dictionary editors are not professionally interested in words that are only rarely used.

　　（B） Dictionary editors have exact numerical criteria for telling when a word has passed into common usage.

　　（C） For a new idea to take hold, dictionary editors have to include the relevant word or words in their dictionaries.

　　（D） As a word passes into common usages, its meaning does not undergo any severe distortions in the process.

　　（E） Words denoting new ideas tend to be used before the ideas denoted are understood.

　　25. Because migrant workers are typically not hired by any one employer for longer than a single season, migrant workers can legally be paid less than the minimum hourly wage that the government requires employers to pay all their permanent employees. Yet most migrant workers work long hours each day for eleven or twelve months a year and thus are as much full-time¹⁷ workers as are people hired on a year-round basis. Therefore, the law should require that migrant workers be paid the same minimum hourly wage that other full-time workers must be paid.

　　The pattern of reasoning displayed above most closely parallels that displayed in which one of the following arguments？

　　（A） Because day-care facilities are now regulated at the local level, the quality of care available to children in two different cities can differ widely. Since such differences in treatment clearly are unfair, day care should be federally rather than locally regulated.

　　（B） Because many rural areas have few restrictions¹⁸ on development, housing estates in such areas have been built where no adequate supply of safe drinking water could be ensured. Thus, rural areas should adopt building codes more like those large cities have.

　　（C） Because some countries regulate gun sales more strictly¹⁹ than do other countries, some people can readily purchase a gun, whereas others cannot. Therefore, all countries should cooperate in developing a uniform international policy regarding gun sales.

　　（D） Because it is a democratic principle that laws should have the consent of those affected²⁰ by them, liquor5 laws should be formulated²¹ not by politicians but by club and restaurant owners, since such laws directly affect the profitability of their businesses.

　　（E） Because food additives²² are not considered drugs, they have not had to meet the safety standards the government applies to drugs. But food additives can be as dangerous as drugs. Therefore, food additives should also be subject to safety regulations as stringent as those covering drugs

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