SECTION I

　　Time-35 minutes

　　25 Questions

　　Directions： The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions, More than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, You are to choose the best answer； that is the response that most accurately¹ and completely answers the questions. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsense² standards implausible, superfluous³. or incompatible⁴ with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer； blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

　　1. Before the printing press, books could be purchased only in expensive manuscript copies. The printing press produced books that were significantly less expensive than the manuscript editions. The public's demand for printed books in the first years after the invention of the printing press was many times greater than demand had been for manuscript copies. This increase demonstrates that there was a dramatic jump in the number of people who learned how to read in the years after publishers first started producing books on the printing press.

　　Which one of the following statements, if true, casts doubt on the argument？

　　（A） During the first years after the invention of the printing press, letter writing by people who wrote without the assistance of scribes or clerks exhibited a dramatic increase.

　　（B） Books produced on the printing press are often found with written comments in the margins⁵ in the handwriting of the people who owned the books.

　　（C） In the first years after the printing press was invented, printed books were purchased primarily by people who had always bought and read expensive manuscripts but could afford a greater number of printed books for the same money.

　　（D） Books that were printed on the printing press in the first years after its invention often circulated among friends in informal reading clubs or libraries.

　　（E） The first printed books published after the invention of the printing press would have been useless to illiterate⁶ people, since the books had virtually no illustrations.

　　2. Bevex, an artificial sweetener used only in soft drinks, is carcinogenic for mice, but only when it is consumed in very large quantities. To ingest an amount of Bevex equivalent to the amount fed to the mice in the relevant studies, a person would have to drink 25 cans of Bevex-sweetened soft drinks per day. For that reason, Bevex is in fact safe for people.

　　In order for the conclusion that Bevex is safe for people to be properly drawn⁷, which of the following must be true？

　　（A） Cancer from carcinogenic substances develops more slowly in mice than it does in people.

　　（B） If all food additives⁸ that are currently used in foods were tested, some would be found to be carcinogenic for mice.

　　（C） People drink fewer than 25 cans of Bevex-sweetened soda⁹ per day.

　　（D） People can obtain important health benefits by controlling their weight through the us of artificially sweetened soft drinks.

　　（E） Some of the studies done on Bevex were not relevant to the question of whether or not Bevex is carcinogenic for people.

　　3. Harry¹⁰： Airlines have made it possible for anyone to travel around the would in much less time than was formerly¹¹ possible.

　　Judith： That is not true. Many flights are too expensive for all but the rich.

　　Judith's response shows that she interprets Harry's statement to imply that

　　（A） the majority of people are rich

　　（B） everyone has an equal right to experience would travel

　　（C） world travel is only possible via routes serviced by airlines

　　（D） most forms of world travel are not affordable¹² for most people

　　（E） anyone can afford to travel long distances by air

　　4. Nutritionists have recommended that people eat more fiber¹³. Advertisements for a new fiber-supplement pill state only that it contains “44 percent fiber”。

　　The advertising¹⁴ claim is misleading in its selection of information on which to focus if which one of the following is true？

　　（A） There are other products on the market that are advertised as providing fiber as a dietary supplement.

　　（B） Nutritionists base their recommendation on medical findings that dietary fiber protects against some kinds of cancer.

　　（C） It is possible to become addicted¹⁵ to some kinds of advertised pills, such as sleeping pills and painkillers¹⁶.

　　（D） The label of the advertised product recommends taking 3 pills every day.

　　（E） The recommended daily intake¹⁷ of fiber is 20 to 30 grams, and the pill contains one-third gram.

　　5. Many environmentalists have urged environmental awareness¹⁸ on consumers, saying that if we accept moral responsibility for our effects on the environment, then products that directly or indirectly¹⁹ harm the environment ought to be avoided. Unfortunately it is usually impossible for consumers to assess the environmental impact of a product, and thus impossible for them to consciously restrict their purchases to environmentally benign²⁰ products. Because of this impossibility there can be no moral duty to choose products in the way these environmentalists urge, since ______.

　　Which one of the following principles provides the most appropriate completion for the argument？

　　（A） a moral duty to perform an action is never based solely²¹ on the effects the action will have on other people.

　　（B） a person cannot possibly have a moral duty to do what he or she is unable to do

　　（C） moral considerations should not be the sole determinants of what products are made available to consumers

　　（D） the morally right action is always the one whose effects produce the least total harm

　　（E） where a moral duty exists, it supersedes any legal duty and any other kind of duty

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