SECTION IV

　　Time- 35 minutes

　　25 Questions

　　Directions： The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer： that is the response that most accurately¹ and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsense² standards implausible, superfluous³, or incompatible⁴ with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

　　1.Biotechnology companies say that voluntary guideline for their industry are sufficient to ensure that no harm will result when a genetically⁵ altered organism is released into the environment. It is foolish, however, to rely on assurances from producers of genetically altered organisms that their products will not be harmful. Therefore, a biotechnology company should be required to apply to an independent regulatory board composed of scientists outside the biotechnology industry for the right to sell newly created organisms.

　　Which one of the following principles, if accepted, most strongly justifies⁶ drawing the conclusion above？

　　（A） Voluntary guidelines are sufficient to regulate activities that pose little danger to the environment.

　　（B） People who engage in an activity and have a financial stake in that activity should not be the sole regulators of that activity.

　　（C） Methods that result in harm to the environment must sometimes be used in order to avoid even greater harm.

　　（D） A company is obligated to ensure the effectiveness of its products but not their environmental safety.

　　（E） Issues of environmental protection are so important that they should not be left to scientific experts.

　　2. Zoo director： The city is in a financial crisis and must reduce its spending. Nevertheless, at least one reduction measure in next years budget, cutting City Zoos funding in half, is false economy. The zoo's current budget equals less than 1 percent of the city's deficit⁷, so withdrawing support from the zoo does little to help the city's financial situation. Furthermore, the zoo, which must close if its budget is cut, attracts tourists arid⁸ tax dollars to the city. Finally, the zoo adds immeasurably to the city's cultural climate and thus makes the city an attractive place for business to locate.

　　Which one of the following is the main conclusion of the zoo director's argument？

　　（A） Reducing spending is the only means the city has of responding to the current financial crisis.

　　（B） It would be false economy for the city to cut the zoo's budget in half.

　　（C） City Zoo's budget is only a very small portion of the city's entire budget.

　　（D） The zoo will be forced to close if its budget is cut.

　　（E） The city's educational and cultural climate will be irreparably damaged if the zoo is forced to close.

　　3. A car will not be affectionate toward people unless it is handled when it is a kitten. Since the cat that Paula plans to give to her friend was handled when it was a kitten. that car will be affectionate toward people.

　　The flawed reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels that in which one of the following？

　　（A） Tulip bulbs will not produce flowers unless they are chilled for two months. Since the tulip bulbs in the clay pot were not chilled for two months, these bulbs will not produce flowers.

　　（B） Beets⁹ do not grow well unless the soil in which they are grown contains trace amounts of boron. Since the beets in this plot are growing well, the soil in the plot must contain trace amounts of boron.

　　（C） Fruit trees will not produce much fruit unless they are pruned¹⁰ properly. That the fruit trees at the local orchard¹¹ produce a large amount of fruit proves that they have been pruned properly.

　　（D） Cranberries¹² will not thrive unless they are grown in bogs¹³. Since the cranberries in this area are not grown in bogs, these cranberries will not thrive.

　　（E） Crass¹⁴ seeds will not germinate¹⁵ well unless they are pressed firmly into the ground. The grass seeds sown in this yard were pressed firmly into the ground, so they will germinate well.

　　4. Until recently, anthropologists generally agreed that higher primates¹⁷ originated about 30 million years ago in the Al Fayyum region of Egypt. However, a 40-million-year old fossilized fragment of a lower jawbone discovered in Burma （now called Myanmar） in 1978 was used to support the theory that the earliest higher primates originated in Burma. However, the claim is premature¹⁸, for __________

　　Which one or the following, if rue¹⁹, is the most logical completion of the paragraph above？

　　（A） there are no more primate¹⁶ species in Burma than there are in Egypt

　　（B） several anthropologists, using different dating methods, independently confirmed the estimated age of the jawbone fragment

　　（C） higher primates cannot be identified solely²⁰ by their lower jawbones

　　（D） several prominent anthropologists do not believe that higher primates could have originated in either Egypt or Burma

　　（E） other archaeological expeditions in Burma have unearthed²¹ higher-primate fossilized bone fragments that arc clearly older than 40 million years

　　5. The ends of modern centuries have been greeted with both apocalyptic²² anxieties and utopian fantasies. It is not surprising that both reactions have consistently proven to be misplaced. After all, the precise time when a century happens to end cannot have any special significance, since the Gregorian calendar, though widely used, is only one among many that people have devised.

　　Which one of the following, if true, could be substituted for the reason cited above while still preserving the force of the argument

　　（A） it is logically impossible for both reactions to be correct at the same time.

　　（B） What is a utopian fantasy to one group of people may well be for another group of people, a realization²³ of their worst fears.

　　（C） The number system based on the number ten, in the absence of which one hundred years would not have the appearance of being a significant period of time, is by no means the only one that people have created.

　　（D） The firm expectation that something extraordinary is about to happen can make people behave in a manner that makes it less likely that something extraordinary will happen.

　　（E） Since a century far exceeds the normal human life span people do not live long enough to learn from mistakes that they themselves made one hundred years before

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