11. Civil libertarian： The categorical prohibition¹ of any nonviolent means of expression inevitably² poisons a society's intellectual atmosphere Therefore, those advocating censorship of all potentially offensive art are pursuing a course that is harmful to society.

　　Censorship advocate： You're wrong, because many people are in agreement about what constitutes potentially offensive art.

　　The censorship advocate's rebuttal is flawed because it

　　（A） attempts to extract a general rule from a specific case

　　（B） extracts an erroneous principle from a commonly held belief

　　（C） attacks the civil libertarians character instead of the argument.

　　（D） relies on an irrelevant³ reason or rejecting the civil libertarians argument

　　（E） uses hyperbolic inflammatory language that obscures the issue at hand

　　12. Although most species of nondomestic mammals in Australia are marsupials, over 100 species- including seals, bats, and mice-are not marsupials but placentals. It is clear, however, that these placentals are not native to this island continent： all nonhuman placentals except the dingo, a dog introduced by the first humans that settled Australia, are animals whose ancestors could swim tong distances, fly, or float on driftwood.

　　The conclusion above is properly drawn⁴ if which one of the following is assumed？

　　（A） Some marsupials now found in Australia might not be native to that continent, but rather might have been introduced to Australia by some other means.

　　（B） Humans who settled Australia probably introduced many of the placental mammal species now present on that Continent.

　　（C） The only Australian placentals that could be native to Australia would be animals whose ancestors could not have reached Australia from elsewhere.

　　（D） No marsupials now found in Australia can swim long distances. fly. or float on driftwood.

　　（E） Seals, bats, and mice are typically found only in areas where there are no native marsupials.

　　13…… Room air conditioners produced by Japanese manufacturers tend to be more reliable than those produced by United States manufacturers.

　　。 The average lifetime of room air conditioners produced by United States manufacturers is about fifteen years, the same as that of room air conditioners produced by Japanese manufacturers.

　　Which one of the following, if true, would best reconcile the two statements above？

　　（A） Reliability⁵ is a measure of how long a product functions without needing repair.

　　（B） Production facilities of firms designated as United States manufacturers are not all located in the United States.

　　（C） Damage to room air conditioners during shipping⁶ and installation does not occur with great frequency in the United States or in Japan.

　　（D） Room air conditioners have been manufactured for a longer time in the United States than in Japan.

　　（E） Japanese manufacturers often use more reliable components⁷ in their room air conditioners than do United States manufacturers.

　　14. In 1980 there was growing concern that the protective ozone⁸ layer over the Antarctic might be decreasing and thereby⁹ allowing so much harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth that polar marine¹⁰ life would be damaged. Some government officials dismissed these concerns, since statistics indicated that global atmospheric¹¹ ozone levels remained constant.

　　The relevance¹² of the evidence cited by the government officials in support of their position would be most seriously undermined if it were true that

　　（A） most species of plant and animal life flourish in warm climates rather than in the polar regions

　　（B） decreases in the amount of atmospheric Ozone over the Antarctic ice cap tend to be seasonal¹³ rather than constant

　　（C） decreases in the amount of atmospheric ozone were of little concern before l980.

　　（D） quantities of atmospheric ozone shifted away from the polar caps, correspondingly increasing ozone levels in other regions

　　（E） even where the amount of atmospheric ozone is normal, some ultraviolet light reaches the Earth's surface

　　15. Goodbody, Inc., is in the process of finding tenants¹⁴ for its newly completed Parrot Quay¹⁵ commercial development, which will make available hundreds of thousands of square feet of new office space on what was formerly¹⁶ derelict property outside the financial center of the city. Surprisingly enough, the coming recession though it will hurt most of the city's businesses, should help Goodbody to find tenants.

　　Which one of the following, if true, does most to help resolve the apparent paradox¹⁷？

　　（A） Businesses forced to economize¹⁸ by the recession will want to take advantage of the lower rents available outside the financial center.

　　（B） Public transportation links the financial center with the area around Parrot Quay.

　　（C） The area in which the Parrot Quay development is located became derelict after the heavy industry that used to be there closed down in a previous recession.

　　（D） Many of Goodbody's other properties are in financial center and will become vacant if the recession is severe enough to force Goodbody's tenants out of business.

　　（E） The recession is likely to have the most severe effect not on service industries, which require a lot of office space, but on manufacturers

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