(五)介词
1.介词的概念及分类：介词是一种虚词，不能单独在句中充当成分，要与宾语一起构成介词短语才可在句中充当成分。介词按形式分为简单介词、复合介词、短语介词、特殊介词和双重介词。
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分类
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例 词
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按
形
式
分
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简单介词
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at, about, above, after, as, but, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, like, near, off, of, on, opposite, over, past, round, since, through, till, to, under, until, up, besides, between, beyond, with, across, against, along, among, around, before, behind, below, beside
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复合介词
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inside, outside, onto, into, toward(s), upon, within, without
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短语介词
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along with, together with, according to, ahead of, as for, as to, because of, due to, except for, owing1 to, out of, up to, by means of, by the side of, by way of, in front of, in spite2 of, as far as
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特殊介词
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双重介词
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until after, until before, Saturday, except, on duty
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按
功
能
分
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空间（地方、位置、方向、范围、界限、包括、排除）
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about, above, across, after, against, along, among, (a)round, at, before, behind, with, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, upon, save, beyond, but, by, concerning4, down, on, out of, outside, over, past, through, throughout, towards, under, up
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时间
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after, before, as, between, by, during, for, from, in, on, over, past, till, until, up to, within, through, throughout
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原因理由根源（目的，内容等）
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about, according to, as, because of，due to，owing to，on acount of, from, of, on, with, regarding, concerning, considering, through, by, under, for
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2．容易混淆的介词：
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区别
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讲解
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例句
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表
时
间
的
介
词
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at, on, in
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at表示“在几点几分”（单位最小）；on表示“在具体的某一天或某天上午（下午晚上等）”；
in表示“在几天、周、月、年”。
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I get up at six o’clock.
It happened on a spring morning.
There are seven days in a week.
in the morning / evening / afternoon；at noon / night / dawn / sunrise / sunset / lunch / dinner / supper, etc.
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during, for, in
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for后加一个“表时间段的具体单位（常用复数）”；during强调“持续”或“某活动”期间；in指在一段时间内。
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She has lived here for six years.
He was in English during the war.
In those days he was poor.
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till, until
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till/until构成的短语修饰“持续性动词”，“非持续性动词”要用“否定式”。
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They waited till/until 10:00.
They didn’t leave until/till 10:00.
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after, since
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“after+时刻或时段”，“…以后”，终点时间在过去或将来；而“since+时间点”，“自从…以来”，终点在说话的时刻。
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She’ll be back after eight o’clock.
She’s lived here since 2002.
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in, after
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“in+时段”，“…以后”，用于将来时；“after+时刻或时段”，“…以后”可用于将来时或过去时。
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He’ll leave after 11:00.
He left after 11:00.
She left after a few hours.
She’ll be back in half an hour.
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表
空
间
位
置
及
方
向
方
位
的
介
词
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at, on, in
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at指一个“点”或“小地方”；
in指一个“地区”或“大地方”空间内；on在某一平面或线上面。
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They arrived at the village at ten.
Your pencil is in the desk.
Your pencil is on the desk.
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on, above, over
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on“与物体接触”反义词为“beneath”；over“在…正上方”反义为“under”；above“在…的上方”反义词为“below”。
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There’s a book on the desk and a pen beneath the book.
There’s a lamp over the desk and a bag under the table.
Jack’s bedroom is above mine on the second floor.
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over, across, through
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across“表面跨过”；
through“从中间或从头至尾穿过”；
over“从上空越过”。
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He’s swimming across the river.
They walked through the forest.
A plane is flying over the city.
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at, beside, by, next to, near
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at靠得“最近”；
beside“在并排一条线上”；
by“在并排一条线上”；
next to“在顺序上紧靠旁边”；
near 靠得“最远”，不表明确方向或顺序。
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Let’s meet at the school gate.
The building beside the library is the shopping center.
The boy standing5 by my side is from Shanghai.
Who’s sitting next to/beside Mr.Steve?
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about, round, around.
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about表示周围是随意的，不规则的；round或around(二者无多大差别)的周围则是较完整的一个圈。
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Don’t leave the toys about the meeting-room.
They are sitting round/around the table.
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to, for, at
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to “运动的方向，目的地”；
for “动身出发的目的地”；
at “有意攻击的目标”。
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Throw it to me.
He’ll leave for Shanghai.
He threw the ball at that boy.
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up, down
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up指“往上，往北，大地方，靠拢”；
down指“向下，往南，向小地方，往开走”但在一市区，去中心区用down,去郊区等用up。
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They are going up the hill.
They are going down river.
I’m going down town shopping.
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on, in, to
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in表“在某地区内”；
on表“接壤”；
to表“在某地区以外”。
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Shanghai is in the south of China.
Hunan lies on the north of Guangdong.
Xichang lies to the south west of Chengdu.
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between,among
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between指“两者之间”；
among指“在三者以上之间”。
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There’s a river between the two villages.
There’s a small house among the trees.
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besides
except
except for
except that
but
but for
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besides“除…之外还有，”实际不排除；
except“除…外”表“排除”，不放在句首；
except for表整体肯定补充细节，表除去整体中的一部分；
except that“除了…外”，后接从句；
but通常与all, no, every, where, who what及有些它们的合成词连用；but for“要不是”，后面句子常用虚拟语气。
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I love music besides sports.
The house is never used except in winter.
The bus is empty except for an old woman.
I don’t know Peter except that he’s an Japanese.
There’s nothing but a chair in the room.
But for your help,I wouldn’t have finished my homework.
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表
原
因
的
介
词
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of
for
from/out of
from
at
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of常与fond, proud, tired连用表情绪上的原因；
for表奖惩痛苦出名的原因，或内在心里的原因；
from/out of“出于某需要，动机，认识”等原因；
from还可指自然，直接的原因；
at常指感情上的原因。
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I’m proud of having you as a friend.
He’s famous for his writing.
They are suffering from starvation.
She fell ill from drinking unclean water.
His mother is angry at his laziness.
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表
方
式
的
介
词
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by
on/in
with
in
through
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by表“用交通工具”或表“发出某动作”；
on/in表用某交通工具；
with用具体的“工具、材料”或伴随“抽象事物”；
in用原料或语言；
through通过具体过程，途径，手段，中介。
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I go to school by bus.
I go to school on a bike.
I write with a pen.
Can you say it in English?
I learned it through a friend
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点击  收听单词发音
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1
owing
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| adj.应付的，未付的 |
参考例句： |
- He paid what was owing.他付清了所有应付的钱。
- We have several hundred pounds owing on our car.我们的车还欠几百英镑未付清。
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2
spite
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| n.（用于短语）虽然，不顾，尽管 |
参考例句： |
- He has modern ideas in spite of his great age.尽管他年事很高，但思想观念却很入时。
- In spite of his anger,his remarks were restrained.他尽管生气，说的话还是有节制的。
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3
regarding
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| prep.关于，至于；就…而论，在…方面 |
参考例句： |
- Regarding John,I will write to him at once.至于约翰，我将立即给他写信。
- Regarding these facts,a special committee is to be appointed.鉴于这些事实，必须成立一个专门委员会。
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4
concerning
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| prep.关于，论及 |
参考例句： |
- What do you know concerning this?关于这事你知道些什么？
- Some senior students wrote in asking for information concerning postgraduate studies.一些四年级学生写信询问有关研究生课程的信息。
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5
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 |
参考例句： |
- After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
- They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
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