C
Is jazz a kind of folk music? Is it a performing style? How is it different from other kinds of music? There is no simple answer to these questions, because the most important quality of jazz comes from its unique combination¹ of different musical sources over a period of almost 400 years.
The quality that unites the many different jazz forms is, in some degree, separate from its musical sources. That quality is the expression of freedom. The idea of freedom is central.
The ancestors of jazz were black people from West Africa who were brought to America as slaves, or forced laborers², from the early 1800s to the mid-1800s. Most of them remained slaves until President Lincoln set them free on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War.
With the loss of their personal freedom and the breaking up of their families, the slaves also lost the social traditions of their music from Africa. The complex rhythms⁴ of this music involved a number of people performing together. The breaking apart of these social groups forced slaves to create new songs, that is, to develop a completely new musical tradition.
Using some of the remembered African rhythms, the slaves gradually began to add some features of the European classical music that was played by the slave owners. The slaves were also influenced by American folk songs. But the result of adding these borrowed elements to the complex African rhythms was the beginning of a completely new kind of music. Still, these music only existed privately⁵ among groups of slaves.
The slaves work had another effect on their music. It introduced new kinds of musical rhythms. Some of these rhythms became work songs to accompany their planting and picking of cotton. Other rhythms were developed by teams of workers who needed to lift heavy loads of cotton onto carts that passed through the fields. Later, during the building of the railroads⁶, individual workers created new songs to match the sharp rhythms of steel as they put the rails into place.
46 The main musical sources used by the slaves to develop a new kind of 
music were ( ) .
a. folk music, jazz music, and modern music
b. classical music, American rhythms, and African folk songs
c. African music, European classical music, and American folk music
d. slaves work songs, rhythms of lifting heavy loads, and sounds of 
steel striking⁷ steel
47 In some degree, the quality that many different jazz forms share is 
( ) .
a. the liberation⁸ of the American slaves
b. the expression of freedom
c. respect for President Lincoln
d. the independence of the United States
48 It introduced new kinds of musical rhythms. Here it refers to ( ) .
a. the slaves music
b.  a new musical rhythm³
c.  the slaves work
d.  another effect
49 When the slaves lost their personal freedom and their families, ( ).
a. they still kept their African musical tradition
b.  they no longer had any social tradition
c.  a number of people performed together
d.  they began to create a new musical style
50 Which of the following statements is not true?
a. The ancestors of jazz music were free black people.
b.  Jazz music has mixed different kinds of musical sources
c.  It look quite a long time to develop jazz music.
 
D
HOLIDAY HOUSE IN MALLORCA
Holiday houses in Mallorca sailing and fishing Port-quiet even in summer season. Beautifully situated⁹ house with sights of sea and mountains, yet near to shops and restaurants. Cars and bicycles for hire. Sailing and sports clubs nearby.
ITALY IN COMFORT
Luxury¹⁰ coach (-carriage) trips of Italy, out of normal holiday season. 21 days to visit five Italian cities starting from London 1st may, 1st September. The trips are guided by professor Martin Davis, Head of Italian Studies, London University. See the arts and culture of historic¹¹ Italy.
KIBUTZ HOLIDAYS IN ISRAEL
Working holidays on a kibbutz (co-operative farm) in Israel. All nationalities welcome for one to three months, if prepared to work morning with kibbutz members. Accommodation, food and trips to historic sights all provided¹² free-you pay for the special low-cost return flight.
TWO WEEKS ON A CARIBBEAN ISLAND
Two-week holidays in the Hotel Splendid, on a lovely beach with golden sands and deep-blue sea. Tennis, golf, sailing and all water sports, trips around the island arranged. Near to town of Castries with lively evening entertainment-dancing.
1st November-31st March = £720 per person
1st April-30th October = £850 per person
Jack¹³ and his wife Mary, who have recently retired¹⁴, want to see places of cultural and historic interest abroad, but Mary hates flying.
Peter and Maria, university students, want to travel as far as possible on little money, and would like to get to know a country by working there for three months with other young people.
Michael, a young computer programmer, has been working hard and needs a holiday to relax in winter. He would like to go somewhere warmer and sunny, where he can swim in the sea, and he enjoys sports and dancing.
Harry¹⁵ and Kate, both teachers, and their two sons, have to take their holiday during the school summer holidays. There must be plenty for the boys to do, although Harry and Kate just want to have beautiful scenery, good food and wine-and peace.
51 Michael would most probably go to ( ) for his holiday.
a.  Italy                           b. Israel
c.  Mallorca                        d. a Caribbean island
52 The most suitable place where Peter and Maria can enjoy their holiday 
would be ( ) .
a. an Italian city              b.  a kibbutz in Israel
c. a Caribbean island           d.  the port in Mallorca
53 The best holiday for Jack and Mary would be ( ) .
a. the 21-day coach trip of Italy
b. the 2-week stay in the Hotel Splendid
c. the 14-day trip around a Caribbean island
d. the working holidays for 1-3 months on a kibbutz in Israel
54 Harry and Kate and their sons would like ( ) .
a. a holiday working on a kibbutz in Israel
b. a holiday visiting cities by coach in Italy
c. a holiday house in the fishing port in Mallorca
d. a holiday hotel on a lovely beach on a Caribbean Islands
55 You can find this passage most probably in ( ) .
a. a school library             b. a tourist agency¹⁶
c. the post office              d. the museum

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