英语100篇精读荟萃（中级篇）26a_PETS 考试

英语100篇精读荟萃（中级篇）26a

文章来源：文章作者：发布时间：2007-09-17 07:01 字体： [大中小]　进入论坛

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Passage Twenty-six (Sensory¹ Evaluation² of Food)
A Polish proverb claims that fish, to taste right, should three times-in water, in butter and in wine. The early efforts of the basic scientists in the food industry were directed at improving the preparation, preservation³, and distribution of safe and nutritious⁴ food. Our memories of certain foodstuffs⁵ eaten during the World War II suggest that, although these might have been safe and nutritious, they certainly did not taste right nor were they particularly appetizing in appearance or smell. This neglect of the sensory appeal of foods is happily becoming a thing of the past. Bow, in the book “Principles of Sensory Evaluation of Food,” the authors hope that it will be useful to food technologists in industry and also to others engaged in research into problem of sensory evaluation of foods. An attempt has clearly been make to collect every possible piece of information, which might be useful, more than one thousand five hundred references being quoted. As a result, the book seems at first sight to be an exhaustive and critically useful review of the literature. This it certainly is, but this is by no means is its only achievement, for there are many suggestions for further lines of research, and the discursive⁶ passages are crisply provocative⁷ of new ideas and new ways of looking at established findings.
Of particular interest is the weight given to the psychological aspects of perception, both objectively and subjectively⁹. The relation between stimuli¹⁰ and perception is well covered, and includes a valuable discussion of the uses and disadvantages of the Weber fraction of differences. It is interesting to find that in spite of many attempts to separate and define the modalities of taste, nothing better has been achieved than the familiar classification into sweet, sour salty and bitter. Nor is there as yet any clear-cut evidence of the physiological¹¹ nature of the taste stimulus¹². With regard to smell, systems of classification are of little value because of the extraordinary sensitivity of the nose and because the response to the stimulus is so subjective⁸. The authors suggest that a classification based on the size, shape and electronic status of the molecule¹³ involved merits further investigation¹⁴, as does the theoretical proposition that weak physical binding¹⁵ of the stimulant¹⁶ molecule to he receptor site is a necessary part of the mechanism¹⁷ of stimulation¹⁸.
Apart from taste and smell, there are many other components¹⁹ of perception of the sensations from food in the mouth. The basic modalities of pain, cold, warmth and touch, together with vibration²⁰ sense, discrimination and localization may all play a part, as, of course, does auditory reception of bone-conducted vibratory stimuli from the teeth when eating crisp or crunchy foods. In this connection the authors rightly point out that this type of stimulus requires much more investigation, suggesting that a start might be made by using subjects afflicted²¹ with various forms of deafness. It is well-known that extraneous²² noise may alter discrimination, and the attention of the authors is directed to the work of Prof. H. J. Eysenck on the “stimulus hunger” of extroverts²³ and the “stimulus avoidance” of introverts²⁴.

1.    The reviewer uses a Polish proverb at the beginning of the article in order to
[A]. introduce, in an interesting manner, the discussion of food.
[B]. show the connection between food and nationality of food.
[C]. indicate that there are various ways to prepare food.
[D]. impress upon the reader the food value of fish.
2.    The reviewers appraisal²⁵ of “Principles of Sensory Evaluation of Food” is one of
[A]. mixed feelings. [B]. indifference
[C]. high praise. [D]. faint praise.
3.    The writer of the article does not express the view, either directly or by implication, that
[A]. sharply defined classifications of taste are needed.
[B]. more research should be done regarding the molecular²⁶ constituency of food.
[C]. food values are objectively determined²⁷ by an expert “smeller”.
[D]. temperature is an important factor in the value of food.
4.    The authors of the book suggest the use of deaf subject because
[A]. deaf people are generally introversive²⁸.
[B]. the auditory sense is an important factor in food evaluation.
[C]. they are more fastidious in their choice of foods.
[D]. All types of subjects should be used.

Vocabulary
1.    preservation 保鲜，2.    保存
3.    sensory appeal 感官的魅力
4.    be provocative of 脱颖而5.    出
6.    exhaustive 详尽的，7.    无遗漏的
8.    discursive 推论的
9.    be provocative of 引起……争论/兴趣等的

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收听单词发音

1 sensory
adj.知觉的，感觉的，知觉器官的
参考例句：
Human powers of sensory discrimination are limited.人类感官分辨能力有限。 The sensory system may undergo long-term adaptation in alien environments.感觉系统对陌生的环境可能经过长时期才能适应。

2 evaluation
n.估价，评价；赋值
参考例句：
I attempted an honest evaluation of my own life.我试图如实地评价我自己的一生。 The new scheme is still under evaluation.新方案还在评估阶段。

3 preservation
n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持
参考例句：
The police are responsible for the preservation of law and order.警察负责维持法律与秩序。 The picture is in an excellent state of preservation.这幅画保存得极为完好。

4 nutritious
adj.有营养的，营养价值高的
参考例句：
Fresh vegetables are very nutritious.新鲜蔬菜富于营养。 Hummingbirds have discovered that nectar and pollen are very nutritious.蜂鸟发现花蜜和花粉是很有营养的。

5 foodstuffs
食物，食品( foodstuff的名词复数 )
参考例句：
Imports of foodstuffs accounted for a small proportion of total imports. 食物进口仅占总进口额的一小部份。 Many basic foodstuffs, such as bread and milk, are tax-free. 许多基本食物如牛奶和面包是免税的。

6 discursive
adj.离题的，无层次的
参考例句：
His own toast was discursive and overlong,though rather touching.他自己的祝酒词虽然也颇为动人，但是比较松散而冗长。 They complained that my writing was becoming too discursive.他们抱怨我的文章变得太散漫。

7 provocative
adj.挑衅的，煽动的，刺激的，挑逗的
参考例句：
She wore a very provocative dress.她穿了一件非常性感的裙子。 His provocative words only fueled the argument further.他的挑衅性讲话只能使争论进一步激化。

8 subjective
a.主观(上)的，个人的
参考例句：
The way they interpreted their past was highly subjective. 他们解释其过去的方式太主观。 A literary critic should not be too subjective in his approach. 文学评论家的看法不应太主观。

9 subjectively
主观地；臆
参考例句：
Subjectively, the demand of interest is the desire of human being. 荀子所说的对利的需要从主观上说就是人的欲望。 A sound also has an amplitude, a property subjectively heard as loudness. 声音有振幅，振幅的主观感觉是声音的大小。

10 stimuli
n.刺激（物）
参考例句：
It is necessary to curtail or alter normally coexisting stimuli.必需消除或改变正常时并存的刺激。 My sweat glands also respond to emotional stimuli.我的汗腺对情绪刺激也能产生反应。

11 physiological
adj.生理学的，生理学上的
参考例句：
He bought a physiological book.他买了一本生理学方面的书。 Every individual has a physiological requirement for each nutrient.每个人对每种营养成分都有一种生理上的需要。

12 stimulus
n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物
参考例句：
Regard each failure as a stimulus to further efforts.把每次失利看成对进一步努力的激励。 Light is a stimulus to growth in plants.光是促进植物生长的一个因素。

13 molecule
n.分子，克分子
参考例句：
A molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hygrogen and one atom of oxygen.一个水分子是由P妈?f婘??妈?成的。 This gives us the structural formula of the molecule.这种方式给出了分子的结构式。

14 investigation
n.调查，调查研究
参考例句：
In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。 He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。

15 binding
有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的
参考例句：
The contract was not signed and has no binding force. 合同没有签署因而没有约束力。 Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding. 双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。

16 stimulant
n.刺激物，兴奋剂
参考例句：
It is used in medicine for its stimulant quality.由于它有兴奋剂的特性而被应用于医学。 Musk is used for perfume and stimulant.麝香可以用作香料和兴奋剂。

17 mechanism
n.机械装置；机构，结构
参考例句：
The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。 The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。

18 stimulation
n.刺激，激励，鼓舞
参考例句：
The playgroup provides plenty of stimulation for the children.幼儿游戏组给孩子很多启发。 You don't get any intellectual stimulation in this job.你不能从这份工作中获得任何智力启发。

19 components
（机器、设备等的）构成要素，零件，成分；成分( component的名词复数 )； [物理化学]组分； [数学]分量；（混合物的）组成部分
参考例句：
the components of a machine 机器部件 Our chemistry teacher often reduces a compound to its components in lab. 在实验室中化学老师常把化合物分解为各种成分。

20 vibration
n.颤动，振动；摆动
参考例句：
There is so much vibration on a ship that one cannot write.船上的震动大得使人无法书写。 The vibration of the window woke me up.窗子的震动把我惊醒了。

21 afflicted
使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
About 40% of the country's population is afflicted with the disease. 全国40%左右的人口患有这种疾病。 A terrible restlessness that was like to hunger afflicted Martin Eden. 一阵可怕的、跟饥饿差不多的不安情绪折磨着马丁·伊登。

22 extraneous
adj.体外的；外来的；外部的
参考例句：
I can choose to ignore these extraneous thoughts.我可以选择无视这些外来的想法。 Reductant from an extraneous source is introduced.外来的还原剂被引进来。

23 extroverts
性格外向的人( extrovert的名词复数 )；活跃、愉快、爱交际的人
参考例句：
In the second half, the students were criticized. Extroverts were unfazed. 在后半部分，举不动时学生要受批评，外向性格的学生表现出不满。来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 大脑与疾病 Extroverts prefer lively conversation to brooding on the meaning of life. 性格外向的人喜欢高谈阔论，而不愿思索人生的意义。

24 introverts
性格内向的人( introvert的名词复数 )
参考例句：
Extroverts tend to lack self-discipline while introverts lack courage. 性格外向的人缺乏自我约束力，而性格内向的人则缺乏勇气。 I an introvert and introverts get drawn in. 我是个内向的人而且内向是天生的。

25 appraisal
n.对…作出的评价；评价，鉴定，评估
参考例句：
What's your appraisal of the situation?你对局势是如何评估的？ We need to make a proper appraisal of his work.对于他的工作我们需要做出适当的评价。

26 molecular
adj.分子的；克分子的
参考例句：
The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时，分子的碰撞就停止了。

27 determined
adj.坚定的；有决心的
参考例句：
I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。 He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

28 introversive
内向的
参考例句：
Following Kants thoughts, mental function is divided into extroversive function and introversive function. 根据康德哲学的思想，心理机能被分成内向机能和外向机能。

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