托福考试改错题常考要点及例题分析(下)Ⅲ
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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
七、平行结构
  改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构

  (一) 对等连接词
  一共有三类连接平行结构的词
  单一式: and, or ,but
  相关式: both…and, not … but,
       either …or, neither…nor
       the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as
       such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and,
       not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also
       not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well,
  短语式: as well as
       rather than (而不是)
       other than (除…之外)
       instead of (代替)
  考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对
  例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, 
         A     B  
    but he is now living in Detroit.
         C   D
  分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。
  例:Even as he wrote copiously1 on so diverse topics
         A         B
    as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford
    remained active in city and regional planning.
          C    D 
  分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半

  (二)平行的内容

  第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行
  例:Photoperiodism is the functional2 or behavioral response of
               A         B  
    an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally3,
           C            D
    or yearly periods of light and darkness.
  分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行

  第二、名词单复数的平行
  但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行
  例:The main advertising4 media include direct mail,
    A     B          C  
    radio, television, magazines, and newspaper.
                 D  
  分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。
  例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate,
                     A         B
    and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world.
        C          D
  分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have
  
  第三、时态的平行
  例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially5 associated
     with the imagist movement , but later develops
                     B
    her own thyme patterns and verse forms.
            C    D
  分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。
  例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , -----
    spread from its home in Central America and
    now grows throughout the tropics.
     (A) to be    (B) it  
     (C) the     (D) its
  分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢?
  原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow
  例:Ducks have been domesticated6 for many centuries ----
    commercially for their meat and eggs.
     (A) raised   (B) and are raised
     (C) raised as  (D) are raised
  分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。

  第四、排列位置的平行
  例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it.
     (A) Not only does rust7 corrode8
     (B) Not only rust corrodes9 
     (C) Rust, which not only corrodes
     (D) Rust not only corrodes
  分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。
  对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种:
   1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。
   2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确
   3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误



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1 copiously a83463ec1381cb4f29886a1393e10c9c     
adv.丰富地,充裕地
参考例句:
  • She leant forward and vomited copiously on the floor. 她向前一俯,哇的一声吐了一地。 来自英汉文学
  • This well-organized, unified course copiously illustrated, amply cross-referenced, and fully indexed. 这条组织完善,统一的课程丰富地被说明,丰富地被相互参照和充分地被标注。 来自互联网
2 functional 5hMxa     
adj.为实用而设计的,具备功能的,起作用的
参考例句:
  • The telephone was out of order,but is functional now.电话刚才坏了,但现在可以用了。
  • The furniture is not fancy,just functional.这些家具不是摆着好看的,只是为了实用。
3 seasonally ljbzVh     
参考例句:
  • The price of vegetables fluctuates seasonally. 蔬菜的价格随季节变动。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • They moved seasonally among various vegetation types to feed on plants that were flourishing. 它们还随着季节的变化而在各种类型植物之间迁移,以便吃那些茂盛的植物。 来自辞典例句
4 advertising 1zjzi3     
n.广告业;广告活动 a.广告的;广告业务的
参考例句:
  • Can you give me any advice on getting into advertising? 你能指点我如何涉足广告业吗?
  • The advertising campaign is aimed primarily at young people. 这个广告宣传运动主要是针对年轻人的。
5 initially 273xZ     
adv.最初,开始
参考例句:
  • The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
  • Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。
6 domesticated Lu2zBm     
adj.喜欢家庭生活的;(指动物)被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • He is thoroughly domesticated and cooks a delicious chicken casserole. 他精于家务,烹制的砂锅炖小鸡非常可口。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The donkey is a domesticated form of the African wild ass. 驴是非洲野驴的一种已驯化的品种。 来自《简明英汉词典》
7 rust XYIxu     
n.锈;v.生锈;(脑子)衰退
参考例句:
  • She scraped the rust off the kitchen knife.她擦掉了菜刀上的锈。
  • The rain will rust the iron roof.雨水会使铁皮屋顶生锈。
8 corrode Uolze     
v.使腐蚀,侵蚀,破害;v.腐蚀,被侵蚀
参考例句:
  • The tools will corrode with rust if never used.这些工具如长期不用会长铁锈而损坏。
  • It will pollute people's aesthetic taste and corrode social spirit.它污染人们的审美趣味,腐蚀社会精神。
9 corrodes 1e1e35d5d437cbfd02e02e1143b598ad     
v.使腐蚀,侵蚀( corrode的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • Corruption corrodes public confidence in a political system. 腐败可削弱公众对政治制度的信心。
  • Iron corrodes unless it is greased or kept clean. 如果不涂油或保持清洁铁便会腐蚀。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
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