TEXTBOOKS?
YEAH, STUDENTS PRACTICE SPELLING THE NAMES AND ADDING UP THE PRICES OF
THINGS IN THE CATALOGS.
WAS EVERYBODY THAT THRILLED ABOUT IT?
THAT'S DOUBTFUL. SAY THEY DROVE SOME SMALL STORE OWNERS OUT OF BUSINESS.
SEARS AND WARD¹ SOLD STUFF IN SUCH LARGE QUANTITIES. THEY WERE ABLE TO
UNDERCUT THE PRICES AT SOME SMALL FAMILY OWNED STORES.
35.WHAT IS THE CONVERSATION MAINLY ABOUT?
36. WHY WAS THE WOMAN READING A CATALOG?
37.WHO WERE THE MAIN CUSTOMERS OF SEARS AND WARD'S BUSINESS?
38. WHAT UNUSUAL WAY WERE THE CATALOG USED?
39. WHAT WAS ONE OF THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF THE CATALOG BUSINESS?
Q40-42
THE BIRDS U SEE HERE IN THIS SLIDE ARE PEREGRINE FALCONS². THESE BIRDS
REPRESENT A SUCCESS STORY AMONG ANIMALS ON THE ENDANGED SPECIES LIST.. IN
THE 1970S, THE PEREGRINE FALCONS ALMOST DISAPPEARED AS A RESULT OF THE
CONTAMINATION OF THE FOOD CHAIN BY THE DDT IN PESTICIDE⁴. THE PRESENCE OF
THE POISON IN THEIR SYSTEMS RESULTED IN EGGS TOO WEAK TO SUPPORT THE
INCUBATING CHICKS. THEIR REMARKABLE⁵ RECOVERY IS A RESULT OF THE BAN OF DDT
AS A PESTICIDE, AGGRESSIVE CAPTIVE FEEDING PROGRAMS AND THEIR OWN
RESILIENCY. THE PEREGRINE FALCON³ IS ONE OF THE FASTEST BIRDS ALIVE. THEY'VE
BEEN CLOCKED AT 140 TO 200 MILES PER HOUR IN SUCCESSFUL PURSUIT OF PRAY. IN
ADDITION TO SPEED, THESE BIRDS FLY DIRECTLY INTO HEAD WINDS AND THEY ARE
CAPABLE OF FLYING MORE THAN 600 MILES PER DAY WITH FAVORABLE TAIL WINDS.
TODAY WITH THE SOPHISTICATION OF TELEMETTY, THE SPEEDS OF THESE BIRDS CAN
BE TRACKED BY ORBITING SATELLITES, BY MEANS OF TRANSMITTERS ATTACHED TO THE
BIRD. FOR EXAMPLE , PEREGRINE FALCONS STAGE IN WARMER CLIMATE, IN OTHER
WORDS,THEY SPEND TIME IN THE SOUTHERN US OVER CHANGES PREPARING THEM TO
BREED IN THE ARCTIC. THEN THEY MIGRATE NORTH TO THE MUCH COLDER ARCTIC
REGIONS. BIRDS HAVE BEEN TRACKED FROM TEXAS IN LATE APRIL TO THEIR NESTING
GROUND IN ALASKA, CANADA AND GREENLAND. NOW LET'S MOVE ON TO ANOTHER
SPECIES OF BIRDS, THE BALD EAGLES.
40 WHAT IS THE TALK MAINLY ABOUT?
41.ACCORDING TO THE PASSAGE, WHAT MAKES THE PEREGRINE FALCON A GOOD HUNTER?
42. HOW DID BIOLOGISTS TRACK PEREGRINE FALCONS OVER LONG DISTANCES?
Q43-46
OK, SO IN OUR LAST CLASS WE WERE DISCUSSING BIG BANDS SWING MUSIC.,U
REMEMBER THIS WAS A KIND OF DANCE MUSIC WITH A STEADY RHYTHM. BUT TODAY WE
DEAL WITH MUSIC PLAYED BY SMALLER JAZZ BANDS. IT'S CALLED BEBOP MAY USE ALL
SORTS OF NEW TYPES OF RHYTHMS, SOME OF THEM VERY IRREGULAR. WE'LL TALK MORE
ABOUT THAT LATER. BUT FIRST I WANT TO TALD ABOUT SOME OF THE SOCIAL
ELEMENTS THAT I BELIEVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEBOP MUSIC. TO
DO THIS, WE HAVE TO LOOK AT WHEN BEBOP AROSE AND STARTED BECOMING SO
POPULAR,WHICH WAS FROM THE LATE 1930S THROUGH THE 1940S, FROM THE TIME OF
THE ENVIRONMENT FOR BEBOP MUSIC WAS THE DECLINE OF THE US ECONOMY. DURING
THE GREAT DEPRESSION. THE ECONOMY SUFFERED TREMENDOUSLY. AND FEWER PEOPLE
HAD MONEY TO SPEND ON ENTERTAINMENT. THEN DURING THE 2ND WORLD WAR THE
GOVERNMENT IMPOSED A NEW TAX ON PUBLIC ENTERTAINMENT, WHAT U MIGHT CALL
PERFORMANCE TAX. THE GOVERNMENT COLLECTED MONEY ON PERFORMANCES THAT
INCLUDED ANY TYPES OF ACTING,DANCING OR SINGING, BUT NOT INSTRUMENTAL
MUSIC. SO TO AVOID THIS NEW TAX, SOME JAZZ BANDS STOP USING SINGER
ALTOGETHER. THEY STARTED RELYING ON THE CREATIVITY OF THE INSTRUMENTALIST
TO ATTRACT AUDIENCES. THIS WAS WHAT BEBOP BANDS DID. NOW REMEMBER A LOT OF
BANDS HAVE SINGERS. SO THE INSTRUMENTALISTSSIMPLY PLAYED IN THE BACKGROUND
AND HAD OCCASIONAL SOLOS WHILE THE SINGER SANG THE MELODY TO THE SONGS,BUT
NOT BEBOP BANDS. SO THE INSTRUMENTALISTS HAD MUCH MORE FRREDOM TO BE
CREATIVE. SO THEY EXPERIMENTED, PLAYING THE MUSIC FASTER AND USING NEW
IRREGULAR SORTS OF RHYTHMS.
43.WHAT IS THE TALK MAINLY ABOUT?
44. HOW DIDI THE BEBOP BANDS AVOID THE PERFORMANCE TAX?
45 WHY DOES THE PROFESSOR MENTION THE DECLINE OF THE US ECONOMY DURING THE
GREAT DEPRESSION?
46. WHAT DOSE THE PROFESSOR DESCRIBE AS A SIGNIFICANT CHARACTERISTIC OF
BEBOP MUSIC?
Q47-50
UR PROFESSOR HAS ASKED ME TO TALK TO U TODAY ABOUT THE TOPIC THAT SHOULD BE
OF REAL CONCERN TO CIVIL ENGINEERS: THE EROSION OF THE US BEACHES. LET ME
START WITH SOME STATISTICS. DID UKNOW THAT 90% OF THE COAST IN THIS COUNTRY
IS ERODING⁶, ON THE GULF⁷ OF MEXICO FOR INSTANCE, EROSION AVERAGES 4 TO 5
FEET PER YEAR. OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE IN
BUILDING ALONG THE COAST, EVEN THOUGH GEOLOGISTS⁸ AND ENVIRONMENTALISTS HAVE
BEEN WARNING COMMUNITIES ABOUT PROBLEMS LIKE EROSION. SOMEWAY COMMUNITIES
HAVE TRIED TO PROTECT THEIR BUILDING AND ROADS AND TO BUILD SEAWALLS.
HOWEVER GEOLOGISTS HAVE FOULD THAT SUCH STABILIZING⁹ STRUCTURE ACTUALLY
SPEED UP THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BEACHES. THESE BEACHES WITH SEAWALLS,
CALLED STABILIZED¹⁰ BEACHES, ARE MUCH NARROWER THAN BEACHES WITHOUT THEM. U
MAY WONDER HOW SEAWALLS SPEED UP BEACH LOSS. THE EXPLANATIONS IS SIMPLE.IF
THE FLOW OF THE BEACHES IS GENTLE, THE WATER ENERGY IS LESSENED¹¹ AS IT
WASHES UP ALONG THE SHORE. IT IS REDUCED EVEN MORE THAT RETURNS TO THE SEA
SO IT DOESN'T CARRY BACK MUCH SAND. ON THE OTHER HAND, WHEN THE WATER HIT
THE NEARLY VERTICAL¹² FACE OF THE SEAWALL. IT GOES STRAIGHT BACK TO THE SEA
WITH THE FULL FORCE OF ITS ENERGY AND IT CARRIES BACK A GREAT DEAL OF SAND.
BECAUSE OF THE REAL RISK OF LOSING BEACHES, MANY GEOLOGISTS SUPPORT A BAN
ON ALL TYPES OF STABILIZING CONSTRUCTION ON SHORE LINES.
47. WHAT IS THE SPEAKER MAINLY DISCUSSING?
48. WHY DO COMMUNITIES BUILD SEAWALLS?
49. HOW DOES A GENTLY SLOPING BEACH HELP PREVENT EROSION?
50.WHAT WOULD THE SPEAKER PROBABLY ADVISE ENGINEERS TO DO?

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