surging—— To increase suddenly. Used of electric current or voltage猛增=accelerating
    surpass—— To be or go beyond， as in degree or quality； exceed胜过=exceed， outrun
    sustain—— To keep in existence； maintain继续生存；维持=maintain
    sustenance—— Something， especially food， that sustains life or health营养物，尤指食物=fare Food and drink； diet食物和饮料
    Means of livelihood生计=livelihood
    supplement——Something added to complete a thing， make up for a deficiency， or extend or strengthen the whole补充物，用来完成某事、补充不足、扩展或加强=extension
    An addition that increases the area， influence， operation， or contents of something扩大
    supreme——Greatest in importance， degree， significance， character， or achievement最重要的=outstanding
    succinct——Characterized by clear， precise expression in few words； concise¹ and terse简明的=concise
    sufficient——Being as much as is needed充足的=adequate
    sumptuous——Of a size or splendor² suggesting great expense； lavish豪华的；花费奢侈的=luxurious
    substantial——Considerable in importance， value， degree， amount， or extent有重大价值的=considerable Worthy³ of consideration； significant重要的
    substitute——One that takes the place of another； a replacement代用品=replacement， in place of代替
    subsidize——To assist or support with a subsidy以津贴补助=finance To supply funds to给…提供资金
    subtle——So slight as to be difficult to detect or analyze⁴； elusive纤细的，细小的=slight
    submit——提出，提交=present提出；呈递
    subsidy——Monetary assistance granted by a government to a person orsgroupsin support of an enterprise regarded as being in the public interest补助金=financing融通资金
    subject to ——在……条件下；易受……的侵袭；受控制=expose to， susceptible⁵ to
    stretch——A continuous or unbroken length， area， or expanse连续不断的长度，地区或空间=span The extent or measure of space between two points or extremities⁶， as of a bridge or roof； the breadth跨度两点或两端间的空间
    strike——To engage in a strike against an employer罢工=walkout
    To come to； attain来到；到达= make contact with
    striking—— Arresting the attention and producing a vivid impression on the sight or the mind.惹人注目的=prominent Immediately noticeable； conspicuous显眼的
    stringent—— Imposing⁷ rigorous standards of performance； severe严格的=strict
    stimulus—— Something that incites⁹ or rouses to action； an incentive激发物=motivate
    strain ——To pull， draw， or stretch tight拉紧=tension The act or process of stretching something tight拉紧
    stationary—— Not capable of being moved； fixed不能被移动的；固定的=fixed， immobile
    status——Position relative to that of others； standing地位=standing
    sticky——shavingsthe property of adhering or sticking to a surface； adhesive粘的=adhere， cement
    staple—— A basic or principal element or feature主要成分，基本成分=basic element
    squirt—— To issue forth¹⁰ in a thin forceful stream or jet； spurt喷=spurt out v.喷出
    staggering—— Causing great astonishment¹¹， amazement¹²， or dismay； overwhelming令人大为吃惊、惊讶或沮丧的；使束手无策的=overwhelming
    spur—— To incite⁸ or stimulate刺激，鞭策=stimulate
    speculate about—— To assume to be true without conclusive¹³ evidence推测=hypothesize To assert as a hypothesis假设
    spinal¹⁴——Of， relating to， or situated¹⁵ near the spine¹⁶ or spinal cord； vertebral脊柱的=backbone
    spark—— To set in motion； activate发动；触发=bring about引起；致使；造成；达成
    spawn—— To give rise to； engender造成；使产生=create
    solemn—— Deeply earnest， serious， and sober庄严的，极认真的，严肃的=serious
    slope——declivity A downward slope， as of a hill斜坡
    smother—— To suffocate¹⁷ （another）使窒息=eliminate To get rid of； remove消灭；消除
    snap—— To pull apart or break with a snapping sound折断=break
    signify—— To denote； mean表示…的意思=denote
    simultaneously——同时存在[发生]地=concurrently同时发生的，并存的；合作的
    skepticism—— A doubting or questioning attitude or state of mind； dubiety怀疑态度=doubt
    shield—— To protect or defend with or as if with a shield； guard保护、防卫=protect
    secrete—— To conceal¹⁸ in a hiding place； cache躲藏=produce？？

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