Question 39-50

Galaxies¹ are the major building blocks of the universe.A galaxy² is giant family of many millions of stars,and it is held together by its own gravitational field.Most of the material universe is organized into galaxies of stars together with gas and dust.

There are three main types of galaxy:spiral,elliptical,and irregular.The Milky³ Way is a spiral galaxy,a flattish disc of stars with two spiral arms emerging from its central nucleus⁴.About one-quarter of all galaxies have this shape.Spiral galaxies are well supplied with the interstellar gas in which new stars form:as the rotating spiral pattern sweeps around the galaxy it compresses gas and dust,triggering the formation of bright young stars and in its arms.The elliptical galaxies have a symmetrical elliptical or spheroidal shape with no obvious structure.Most of their member stars are very old and since ellipticals are devoid⁵ of interstellar gas,no new stars are forming in them.The biggest and brightest galaxies in the universe are ellipticals with masses of about 1013times that of the Sun,these giants may frequently be sources of strong radio emission,in which case they are called radio galaxies.About two-thirds of all galaxies are elliptical.Irregular galaxies comprise about one-tenth of all galaxies and they come in many subclasses.

Measurement in space is quite different from measurement on Earth.Some terrestrial distances can be expressed as intervals⁶ of time,the time to fly from one continent to another or the time it takes to drive to work,for example.By comparison with these familiar yardsticks,the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly large,but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration,in this case the distance that light travels in one year.On such a scale the nearest giant spiral galaxy,the Andromeda galaxy,is two million light years away.The most distant luminous⁷ objects seen by telescopes are probably ten thousand million light years away.Their light was already halfway⁸ here before the Earth even formed.The light from the nearby Virgo galaxy set out when reptiles⁹ still dominated the animal world.

39.The word "major"in line 1is closest in meaning to

(A)intense

(B)principal

(C)huge

(D)unique

40.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?

(A)The Milky Way

(B)Major categories of galaxies

(C)How elliptical galaxies are formed

(D)Differences between irregular and spiral galaxies

41.The word "which"in line 7refers to

(A)dust

(B)gas

(C)pattern

(D)galaxy

42.According to the passage,new stars are formed in spiral galaxies due to

(A)an explosion of gas

(B)the compression of gas and dust

(C)the combining of old stars

(D)strong radio emissions¹⁰

43.The word "symmetrical"in line 9is closest in meaning to

(A)proportionally balanced

(B)commonly seen

(C)typically large

(D)steadily growing

44.The word "obvious"in line 10is closest in meaning to

(A)discovered

(B)apparent

(C)understood

(D)simplistic

45.According to the passage,which of the following is NOT true of elliptical galaxies?

(A)They are the largest galaxies.

(B)They mostly contain old stars.

(C)They contain a high amount of interstellar gas.

(D)They have a spherical¹¹ shape.

46.Which of the following characteristics of radio galaxies is mentioned in the passage?

(A)They are a type of elliptical galaxy.

(B)They are usually too small to be seen with a telescope.

(C)They are closely related to irregular galaxies.

(D)They are not as bright as spiral galaxies.

47.What percentage of galaxies are irregular?

(A)10%

(B)25%

(C)50%

(D)75%

48.The word "they"in line 21refers to

(A)intervals

(B)yardsticks

(C)distances

(D)galaxies

49.Why does the author mention the Virgo galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy in the third paragraph?

(A)To describe the effect that distance has no visibility.

(B)To compare the ages of two relatively¹² young galaxies.

(C)To emphasize the vast distances of the galaxies from Earth.

(D)To explain why certain galaxies cannot be seen by a telescope.

50.The word "dominated"in line 26is closest in meaning to

(A)threatened

(B)replaced

(C)were developing in

(D)were prevalent in

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