11.Jewish law was buttressed¹ by the cohesion² of the community, reinforced by pressure from outside；its rules are the direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent³.

12.While the new doctrine⁴ seems almost certainly correct, the one papyrus⁵ fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed⁶, showing, for instance, that it was a posthumous⁷ production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles, and throwing the date once more into utter confusion.

13.This is unlikely to happen, but it warns usthat perhaps the most salutary feature of the papyrus scrap⁸ is its message of the extreme difficulty of classifying and categorizing rigidly⁹ the development of a creative artist.

14.Traditionally, pollination¹⁰ by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random¹¹ events in which the vagaries¹² of the wind are compensated¹³ for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen¹⁴, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used.

15.Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue¹⁵ of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.

16.They conclude that such dramatic technological¹⁶ innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women"s economic position or in the prevailing¹⁷ evaluation¹⁸ of women"s work.

17.The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics.

18.It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously¹⁹ seen as an apprenticeship²⁰ for beginning managers, from administrative²¹ work that in the 1880"s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered "women"s work."

19.The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.

20.Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women"s work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation²² of occupations by gender²³, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively²⁴ low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement²⁵ all persist, while women"s household labor²⁶ remains²⁷ demanding.

11.犹太法受到社会凝聚力的支持，由于外界的压力而强化；它的法规直接表现了这种凝聚力的感情，倾向于调和【住宿】不同意见。

12.尽管新的学说看起来几乎肯定是正确的，但是这张莎草纸的碎片还是引起了恐慌，即另一块碎片有可能被挖掘出来，证明，比如说，《妇女》是一部作者死后出版的《Danaid四部曲》的作品，曾经打败了索福克勒斯，上述情况将把创作年代再一次抛到极度混乱之中。

13.这种情况不大可能发生，但是它警告我们，莎草纸碎片最有帮助的特征是它所表达的信息，要想对一个有创造性的作家的发展过程做出划分和归类是极为困难的。

14.传统上来讲，风媒传粉一直被看作是一个繁殖过程，它以随机事件为标志，在此过程中，风的奇怪行为被大量花粉的产生所补偿，因此，最终新种子的产生被保证，是依靠产生的花粉数量要大大超过实际的使用量。

15.因为，潜在的危险，花粉粒在长途运输中所要遭受的潜在危险是巨大的，风媒传粉的植物，按上述观点来看，补偿了在偶然事件中伴随产生的花粉损失，通过的优点是，生产出的花粉数量比那些依靠昆虫传粉的植物所产生的花粉数量大一到三个数量级。

16.他们得出结论，这些戏剧性的技术创新，比如纺织机、缝纫机、打字机、以及真空吸尘器，并没有产生相同的戏剧性的社会变化，在妇女的经济地位方面，或者在普遍的对妇女工作的评价方面。

17.工业革命期间，雇佣年轻妇女到纺织厂工作，这在很大程度上是一种延伸，雇佣年轻的、单身女性作为女佣人这种古老模式的延伸。

18.不是办公室技术的改变，而是秘书工作的分离，过去秘书工作被看作是新来的经理们的一种学徒一样的实习，从管理工作中分离，在十九世纪八十年代，产生了新的一种“没前途”的职业，从此以后，被认为是“女人的工作。”

19.二十世纪已婚妇女在家庭以外工作的人数不断增加，这与家务的机械化以及这些妇女空闲时间的增加没有多大关系，更多地是与妇女自身的经济需要以及较高的结婚率有关，较高的结婚率使能雇佣的单身妇女的总量减少，过去，在多数情况下，（单身女性）是唯一被雇佣的妇女。

20.但是，从根本上来讲，妇女的工作状况几乎没有变化，从工业革命之前一直到现在：按照性别区分的职业，对妇女整体较低的工资，工作，要求相对比较低的技能，并且几乎不给妇女提供晋升的机会的工作，上述三点仍然存在，同时，妇女的家务劳动仍然要求很高。