Corruption² cases have been on the increase in the past eight years despite stepped-up efforts to combat it, a research paper said.

More senior officials have been involved with bribes⁴ getting bigger.

Wang Rongli, a 42-year-old lawyer in Shenzhen, and the author of the research paper, conducted a study based on 500 corruption cases published in the media since 2003.

He found that almost 86 percent of the cases were discovered after 2000, and the average bribe³ or property value involved per offender⁵ was more than 10 million yuan ($1.47 million).

Wang said: "The guilty in about half of these corruption cases received life imprisonment⁶, or death."

He said more corruption cases are found in more developed coastal⁷ areas than in backward inland cities.

More than 60 percent of the cases occurred in the fields of engineering, fund management, transport, land and law enforcement.

"I was shocked by many of my findings. I hope the administrations can devise more efficient methods to minimize the occurrence of corruption," Wang told China Daily yesterday.

Transport led the list in the number of corrupt¹ officials with 17. Most held senior positions in 13 provinces and municipalities.

Law enforcement was next on the list. It included officials working for the public security bureaus, courts, procuratorates, prisons, and customs.

"There is no sign that China's corruption decreases although the central government has frequently launched campaigns to crack down on it.

"I think the reason is that supervision⁸ is from the top rather that from the bottom," Wang said.

Questions:

1. Wang Rongli found the average bribe or property value involved per offender was how much?

2. Most of the cases occurred in which fields?

3. What does Wang suggest in improving supervision?

Answers:

1. More than 10 million yuan.

2. Engineering, fund management, transport, land and law enforcement.

3. That it should be from the bottom than from the top.