英语合同的特点(四)
文章来源: 文章作者: 发布时间:2007-04-04 03:30 字体: [ ]  进入论坛
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
(三)用词特点(formal term)

  合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:

  1.May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 ,May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。

  may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do 不能说成can do, shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not, 但绝不能用can not do或must not )例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说:

  The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations1.

  Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction2 on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration3 clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.

  本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性"约定",如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好像一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。

  本句可译为:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成一致的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。

  2.正式用语(formal term)

  合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。例如:

  "因为"的短语多用"by virtue4 of",远远多于"due to"一般不用"because of ";

  "财务年度末"一般用"at the close of the fiscal5 year",而不用"in the end of the fiscal year";

  "在……之前"一般用"prior to",而不用"before";

  "关于"常用"as regards", "concerning"或"relating to",而不会用"about";

  "事实上"用"in effect",而不用"in fact";

  "开始"用"commencement",而不用"start"或"begin";

  "停止做"用"cease to do",而不用"stop to do";

  "何时开会并由某某主持"的表述为:The meeting shall be convened6 and presided by sb.;其中"召开"不用"hold 或call",而用"convene";"主持"不用"chair"或"be in charge of ",而用"preside";

  "其他事项"用"miscellaneous", 而不用"other matters/events";

  "理解合同"用"construe7 a contract" 或"comprehend a contract",而不用"understand a contract";

  "认为"用"deem",用"consider"少,不用"think"或"believe";

  "愿意做"用"intend to do"或"desire to do",而不用"want to do", "wish to do".

  3.用词专业(technical terms)

  合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的"瑕疵"、 "救济"、 "不可抗力"、 "管辖"、"损毁"、 "灭失"等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect, remedy, force majeure/Act of God, jurisdiction, damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as, whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。其它例子还有:

  "赔偿"用"indemnities",而不用"compensation" ;

  "不动产转让"用"conveyance",而不用"transfer of real estate" ;

  "房屋出租"用"tenancy",而"财产出租"用"lease of property" ;

  "停业"用"wind up a business"或"cease (名词是cessation) a business",而不用"end/stop a business" ;

  专利许可中的"特许权使用费"只用"royalities";

  还款或专利申请的"宽限期"英文"grace";

  "当事人在破产中的和解"用"composition" ;

  以实物出资为"investment in kind" ;

  "依照合同相关规定"一般说"pursuant to provisions contained herein"或"as provided herein"等,不说"according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract";

  "合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同"英文表述为"Neither party hereto may assign this contract",其中"hereto"表示"to the contract",选用"Neither party to the contract"较少。

  4.同义词、近义词、相关词的序列

  FOR value RECEIVED, the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______, a copy of which is annexed8 hereto.

  在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over, right和tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如:

  This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中"made and entered into"和"by and between"两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。

  For and in consideration of mutual9 covenants11 and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant10 and agree as follows: 句中"for and in consideration of", "covenants and agreements"三组同义司和近义词并列。

  The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein.这里的"on the terms"和"subject to the conditions"是一个意思都表示"依照本协议的条款规定".合同条款的固定模式是"terms and conditions".再例如:

  "Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date",一句中的"release"和"discharge"意思几乎相同。

  并列的词还有:

  ships and vessels12

  support and maintenance;

  licenses13 and permits;

  charges, fees, costs and expenses;

  any and all;

  any duties, obligations or liabilities;

  the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns;

  control and management of the partnership14

  applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules.

  5.拉丁词

  在国外合同中,拉丁词仍然是很常见,比例:

  税率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多;

  从事慈善性服务的律师:pro bono lawyer,不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 negotiations af4b5f3e98e178dd3c4bac64b625ecd0     
协商( negotiation的名词复数 ); 谈判; 完成(难事); 通过
参考例句:
  • negotiations for a durable peace 为持久和平而进行的谈判
  • Negotiations have failed to establish any middle ground. 谈判未能达成任何妥协。
2 jurisdiction La8zP     
n.司法权,审判权,管辖权,控制权
参考例句:
  • It doesn't lie within my jurisdiction to set you free.我无权将你释放。
  • Changzhou is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province.常州隶属江苏省。
3 arbitration hNgyh     
n.调停,仲裁
参考例句:
  • The wage disagreement is under arbitration.工资纠纷正在仲裁中。
  • Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding.双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。
4 virtue BpqyH     
n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力
参考例句:
  • He was considered to be a paragon of virtue.他被认为是品德尽善尽美的典范。
  • You need to decorate your mind with virtue.你应该用德行美化心灵。
5 fiscal agbzf     
adj.财政的,会计的,国库的,国库岁入的
参考例句:
  • The increase of taxation is an important fiscal policy.增税是一项重要的财政政策。
  • The government has two basic strategies of fiscal policy available.政府有两个可行的财政政策基本战略。
6 convened fbc66e55ebdef2d409f2794046df6cf1     
召开( convene的过去式 ); 召集; (为正式会议而)聚集; 集合
参考例句:
  • The chairman convened the committee to put the issue to a vote. 主席召集委员们开会对这个问题进行表决。
  • The governor convened his troops to put down the revolt. 总督召集他的部队去镇压叛乱。
7 construe 4pbzL     
v.翻译,解释
参考例句:
  • He had tried to construe a passage from Homer.他曾尝试注释荷马著作的一段文字。
  • You can construe what he said in a number of different ways.他的话可以有好几种解释。
8 annexed ca83f28e6402c883ed613e9ee0580f48     
[法] 附加的,附属的
参考例句:
  • Germany annexed Austria in 1938. 1938年德国吞并了奥地利。
  • The outlying villages were formally annexed by the town last year. 那些偏远的村庄于去年正式被并入该镇。
9 mutual eFOxC     
adj.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的
参考例句:
  • We must pull together for mutual interest.我们必须为相互的利益而通力合作。
  • Mutual interests tied us together.相互的利害关系把我们联系在一起。
10 covenant CoWz1     
n.盟约,契约;v.订盟约
参考例句:
  • They refused to covenant with my father for the property.他们不愿与我父亲订立财产契约。
  • The money was given to us by deed of covenant.这笔钱是根据契约书付给我们的。
11 covenants 185d08f454ed053be6d340821190beab     
n.(有法律约束的)协议( covenant的名词复数 );盟约;公约;(向慈善事业、信托基金会等定期捐款的)契约书
参考例句:
  • Do I need to review the Deed of mutual Covenants (DMC)? 我是否需要覆核公共契约(DMC)吗? 来自互联网
  • Many listed and unlisted companies need to sell to address covenants. 许多上市公司和非上市公司需要出售手中资产,以满足借贷契约的要求。 来自互联网
12 vessels fc9307c2593b522954eadb3ee6c57480     
n.血管( vessel的名词复数 );船;容器;(具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的)人
参考例句:
  • The river is navigable by vessels of up to 90 tons. 90 吨以下的船只可以从这条河通过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • All modern vessels of any size are fitted with radar installations. 所有现代化船只都有雷达装置。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
13 licenses 9d2fccd1fa9364fe38442db17bb0cb15     
n.执照( license的名词复数 )v.批准,许可,颁发执照( license的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • Drivers have ten days' grace to renew their licenses. 驾驶员更换执照有10天的宽限期。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • Jewish firms couldn't get import or export licenses or raw materials. 犹太人的企业得不到进出口许可证或原料。 来自辞典例句
14 partnership NmfzPy     
n.合作关系,伙伴关系
参考例句:
  • The company has gone into partnership with Swiss Bank Corporation.这家公司已经和瑞士银行公司建立合作关系。
  • Martin has taken him into general partnership in his company.马丁已让他成为公司的普通合伙人。
TAG标签:
发表评论
请自觉遵守互联网相关的政策法规,严禁发布色情、暴力、反动的言论。
评价:
表情:
验证码:点击我更换图片