(Adopted at the Second Session of the Ninth National People's Congress on March 15, 1999, promulgated¹ for implementation³ by the Proclamation of the Ninth National People's Congress on March 15, 1999)
颁布日期：19990315 　实施日期：19990315 　颁布单位：全国人民代表大会

　　Article 12 The seventh paragraph of the Preamble⁴ of the Constitution, which reads, "Both the victory in China's New-Democratic Revolution and the successes in its socialist⁵ cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all nationalities, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism and Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, by upholding truth, correcting errors and surmounting⁶ numerous difficulties and hardships. Our country is in the primary stage of socialism. The basic task .0.before the nation is the concentration of efforts of socialist modernization⁷ construction in accordance with the theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, the Chinese people of all nationalities will continue to adhere to the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist road and to uphold reform and opening to the outside world, steadily⁸ improve socialist institutions, develop socialist democracy, improve the socialist legal system, and work hard and self-reliantly to modernize⁹ the country's industry, agriculture, national defense¹⁰ and science and technology step by step to build China into a strong, prosperous culturally advances, democratic socialist nation." is revised as follows: "Both the victory in China's New-Democratic Revolution and the successes in its socialist cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all nationalities, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism and Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, by upholding truth, correcting errors and surmounting numerous difficulties and hardships. Our country will be in the primary stage of socialism over a long period of time. The basic task before the nation is the concentration of efforts of socialist modernization construction along the road of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Chinese people of all nationalities will continue to adhere to the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist road and to uphold reform and opening to the outside world, steadily improve socialist institutions, develop socialist market economy, develop socialist democracy, improve the socialist legal system, and work hard and self-reliantly to modernize the country's industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology step by step to build China into a strong, prosperous culturally advances, democratic socialist nation."

　　Article 13 One paragraph, which reads, "The People's Republic of China exercises the governing of country according to law, making a socialist country ruled by law." is added to Article 5 of the Constitution as Paragraph One.

　　Article 14 Article 6 of the Constitution, which reads, "The basis of the socialist economic system of the People's Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people. " "Socialist public ownership eliminates the exploitation of man by man and implements¹¹ the principle of 'from each according to his ability, and to each according to his work'." is revised as follows: "The basis of the socialist economic system of the People's Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people. Socialist public ownership eliminates the exploitation of man by man and implements the principle of 'from each according to his ability, and to each according to his work'." "At the primary stage of socialism, the state upholds the basic economic system of 'public ownership being principal, and multi ownership economies developing together' and upholds the distribution system of 'distribution according to work being principal, and distribution mode coexisting'."

　　Article 15 the fist paragraph of Article 8 of the Constitution, which reads, "The rural contracted responsibility system based mainly on the household linking remuneration to output and cooperative economic forms - producers', supply and marketing¹², credit and consumers' cooperatives - are part of the socialist economy collectively owned by the working people. All working people who are members of rural economic collectives have the right, within the limits prescribed by law, to farm plots of cropland and hilly land allotted¹³ for their private use, engage in household sideline production and raise privately¹⁴ owned livestock¹⁵." is revised as follows: "The rural collective economic organizations implement² double level operation structure, which is based on household contractual operation and which coordinates¹⁷ both collective and individual production. All working people who are members of rural economic collectives have the right, within the limits prescribed by law, to farm plots of cropland and hilly land allotted for their private use, engage in household sideline production and raise privately owned livestock."

　　Article 16 Article 11 of the Constitution, which reads, "The individual economy of urban and rural working people, operating within the limits prescribed by law, is a complement¹⁸ to the socialist public economy. The state protects the lawful¹⁹ rights and interests of the individual economy." "The state guides, assists and supervises the individual economy by administrative²⁰ control." "The state permits the private sector²¹ of the economy to exist and develop within the limits prescribed by law. The private sector of the economy is a complement to the socialist public economy. The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the private sector of the economy, and exercises guidance, supervision²² and control over the private sector of the economy." is revised as follows: " The non-public economies such as the individual economy and the private sector of the economy, operating within the limits prescribed by law, are important components²³ of the socialist market economy." "The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the individual economy and the private sector of the economy. The state exercises guidance, supervision and control over the individual economy and the private sector of the economy."

　　Article 17 Article 28 of the Constitution, which reads, "The state maintains public order and suppresses treasonable and other counter-revolutionary activities; it penalizes²⁴ is revised as follows: "The state maintains public order and suppresses treasonable criminal activities and other criminal activities that endanger state security; it penalizes criminal activities that endanger public security and disrupt the socialist economy as well as other criminal activities; and it punishes and reforms criminals."

　　Appendix: Constitution of the People's Republic of China - 1999(Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on December 4, 1982, amended²⁶ at the First Session of the Seventh National People's Congress on April 12, 1988, and amended for the second time at the First Session of the Eighth National People's Congress on March 29, 1993, and amended for the third time at the Second Session of the Ninth National People's Congress on March 15, 1999.)

　　Table of Contents

　　Preamble

　　Chapter One - General Principles

　　Chapter Two - The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens

　　Chapter Three - The Structure of the State

　　Section I The National People's Congress

　　Section II The President of the People's Republic of China

　　Section III The State Council

　　Section IV The Central Military Commission

　　Section V The Local People's Congresses and Local People's Governments at Various Levels

　　Section VI The Organs of Self-Government of National Autonomous²⁷ Regions

　　Section VII The People's Courts and the People's Procuratorates

　　Chapter Four - The National Flag, the National Emblem²⁸ and the Capital

　　Preamble

　　China is a country with one of the longest histories in the world. The people of all of nationalities of China have jointly³⁰ created a culture of grandeur³¹ and have a glorious revolutionary tradition. After 1840, feudal³² China was gradually turned into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. The Chinese people waged many successive heroic struggles for national independence and liberation and for democracy and freedom. Great and earthshaking historical changes have taken place in China in the 20th century. The Revolution of 1911, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, abolished the feudal monarchy³³ and gave birth to the Republic of China. However, the historic mission of the Chinese people to overthrow³⁴ imperialism³⁵ and feudalism remained unaccomplished.

　　After waging protracted³⁶ and arduous³⁷ struggles, armed and otherwise, along a zigzag³⁸ course, the Chinese people of all nationalities led by the Communist Party of China with Chairman Mao Zedong as its leader ultimately, in 1949, overthrew³⁹ the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, won a great victory in the New-Democratic Revolution and founded the People's Republic of China. Since then the Chinese people have taken control of state power and become masters of the country.

　　After founding the People's Republic, China gradually achieved its transition from a New Democratic to a socialist society. The socialist transformation⁴⁰ of the private ownership of the means of production has been completed, the system of exploitation of man by man abolished and the socialist system established. The people's democratic dictatorship held by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants, which is in essence the dictatorship of the proletariat, has been consolidated⁴¹ and developed. The Chinese people and the Chinese People's Liberation Army have defeated imperialist and hegemonist aggression⁴², sabotage⁴³ and armed provocations⁴⁴ and have thereby⁴⁵ safeguarded China's national independence and security and strengthened its national defense. Major successes have been achieved in economic development. An independent and relatively⁴⁶ comprehensive socialist system of industry has basically been established. There has been a marked increase in agricultural production. Significant advances have been made in educational, scientific and cultural undertakings⁴⁷, while education in socialist ideology⁴⁸ has produced noteworthy results. The life of the people has improved considerably⁴⁹.

　　Both the victory in China's New-Democratic Revolution and the successes in its socialist cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all nationalities, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism and Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, by upholding truth, correcting errors and surmounting numerous difficulties and hardships. Our country will be in the primary stage of socialism over a long period of time. The basic task before the nation is the concentration of efforts of socialist modernization construction along the road of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Chinese people of all nationalities will continue to adhere to the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist road and to uphold reform and opening to the outside world, steadily improve socialist institutions, develop socialist market economy, develop socialist democracy, improve the socialist legal system, and work hard and self-reliantly to modernize the country's industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology step by step to build China into a strong, prosperous culturally advances, democratic socialist nation.

　　The exploiting classes as such have been abolished in our country. However, class struggle will continue to exist within certain bounds for a long time to come. The Chinese people must fight against those forces and elements, both at home and abroad, that are hostile to China's socialist system and try to undermine it.

　　Taiwan is part of the sacred territory of the People's Republic of China. It is the inviolable duty of all Chinese people, including our compatriots in Taiwan, to accomplish the great task of reunifying the motherland.

　　In building socialism it is essential to rely on workers, peasants and intellectuals and to unite all forces that can be united. In the long years of revolution and construction, there has been formed under the leadership of the Communist Party of China a broad patriotic⁵¹ united front which is composed of the democratic parties and people's organizations and which embraces all socialist working people, all patriots⁵⁰ who support socialism and all patriots who stand for the reunification of the motherland. This united front will continue to be consolidated and developed. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a broadly based representative organization of the united front which has played a significant historical role, will play a still more important role in the country's political and social life, in promoting friendship with other countries and in the struggle for socialist modernization and for the reunification and unity⁵² of the country. Multi-party cooperation and the political consultation⁵³ system under the leadership of the Communist Party of China shall continue and develop for the extended future.

　　The People's Republic of China is a unitary multi-national state created jointly by the people of all its nationalities. Socialist relations of equality, unity and mutual⁵⁴ assistance have been established among the nationalities and will continue to be strengthened. In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, it is necessary to combat big-nation chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism, and to combat local national chauvinism. The state will do its utmost to promote the common prosperity of all the nationalities.

　　China's achievements in revolution and construction are inseparable from the support of the people of the world. The future of China is closely linked to the future of the world. China consistently carries out an independent foreign policy and adheres to the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial⁵⁵ integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence in developing diplomatic relations and economic and cultural exchanges with other countries. China consistently opposes imperialism, hegemonism and colonialism, works to strengthen unity with people of other countries, supports the oppressed nations and the developing countries in their just struggle to win and preserve national independence and develop national economies, and strives to safeguard world peace and promote the cause of human progress.

　　This Constitution, in legal form, affirms the achievements of the struggles of the Chinese people of all nationalities and defines the basic system and basic tasks of the state; it is the fundamental law of the state and has supreme⁵⁷ legal authority. The people of all nationalities, all state organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and institutions in the country must take the Constitution as the basic standard of conduct, and they have the duty to uphold the dignity of the Constitution and ensure its implementation.

　　Chapter One General Principles

　　Article 1 The People's Republic of China is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.

　　The socialist system is the basic system of the People's Republic of China. Disruption of the socialist state by any organization or individual is prohibited.

　　Article 2 All power in the People's Republic of China belongs to the people.

　　The National People's Congress and the local people's congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power.

　　The people administer state affairs and manage economic, cultural and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the law.

　　Article 3 The state organs of the People's Republic of China apply the principle of democratic centralism.

　　The National People's Congress and the local people's congresses at various levels are constituted through democratic elections. They are responsible to the people and subject to their supervision.

　　All administrative, judicial⁵⁸ and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people's congresses to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised.

　　The divisions of functions and powers between the central and local state organs is guided by the principle of giving full scope to the initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities under the unified⁵⁹ leadership of the central authorities.

　　Article 4 All nationalities in the People's Republic of China are equal. The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the minority nationalities and upholds and develops a relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance among all of China's nationalities. Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited; any act that undermines the unity of the nationalities or instigates⁶⁰ division is prohibited.

　　The state assists areas inhabited by minority nationalities accelerating their economic and cultural development according to the characteristics and needs of the various minority nationalities.

　　Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority nationalities live in concentrated communities; in these areas organs of self-government are established to exercise the power of autonomy. All national autonomous areas are integral parts of the People's Republic of China.

　　All nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages and to preserve or reform their own folkways and customs.

　　Article 5 The People's Republic of China exercises the governing of country according to law, making a socialist country ruled by law.

　　The state upholds the uniformity and dignity of the socialist legal system.

　　No laws or administrative or local rules and regulations may contravene⁶¹ the Constitution.

　　All state organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and institutions must abide⁶² by the Constitution and the law. All acts in violation⁶³ of the Constitution and the law must be investigated.

　　No organization or individual is privileged to be beyond the Constitution or the law.

　　Article 6 The basis of the socialist economic system of the People's Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people. Socialist public ownership eliminates the exploitation of man by man and implements the principle of "from each according to his ability, and to each according to his work".

　　At the primary stage of socialism, the state upholds the basic economic system of "public ownership being principal, and multi ownership economies developing together" and upholds the distribution system of "distribution according to work being principal, and distribution mode coexisting".

　　Article 7 The state-owned economy, i.e. the socialist economy with ownership by the people as a whole, is the leading force in the national economy. The state will ensure the consolidation⁶⁴ and development to the state-owned economy."

　　Article 8 The rural collective economic organizations implement double level operation structure, which is based on household contractual operation and which coordinates both collective and individual production. All working people who are members of rural economic collectives have the right, within the limits prescribed by law, to farm plots of cropland and hilly land allotted for their private use, engage in household sideline production and raise privately owned livestock. The various forms of cooperative economy in the cities and towns, such as those in the handicraft, industrial, building, transport, commercial and service trades, all belong to the sector of socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people.

　　The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the urban and rural economic collectives and encourages, guides and helps the growth of the collective economy.

　　Article 9 All mineral resources, waters, forests, mountains, grasslands⁶⁵, unreclaimed land, beaches, and other natural resources are owned by the state, that is, by the whole people, with the exception of the forest, mountains, grasslands and unreclaimed land and beaches that are owned by collectives in accordance with the law.

　　The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. Appropriation⁶⁶ or damaging natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.

　　Article 10 Land in cities is owned by the state.

　　Land in the rural and suburban⁶⁷ areas is owned by collectives except for those portions which belong to the state in accordance with the law; house sites and privately farmed plots of cropland and hilly land are also owned by collectives. The state may, in the public interest, requisition land for its use in accordance with the law.

　　No organization or individual may appropriate, buy, sell or unlawfully transfer land in other ways. The right to the use of the land may be transferred in accordance with the law.

　　All organizations and individuals using land must ensure its rational use.

　　Article 11 The non-public economies such as the individual economy and the private sector of the economy, operating within the limits prescribed by law, are important components of the socialist market economy.

　　The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the individual economy and the private sector of the economy. The state exercises guidance, supervision and control over the individual economy and the private sector of the economy.

　　Article 12 Socialist public properties are inviolable.

　　The state protects socialist property. Appropriation or damaging of state or collective property by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.

　　Article 13 The state protects the right of citizens to own lawfully⁶⁸ earned income, savings⁶⁹, houses and other lawful property.

　　The state protects according to law the right of citizens to inherit private property.

　　Article 14 The state continuously raises labor⁷⁰ productivity, improves economic results and develops the productive forces by enhancing the enthusiasm of the working people, raising the level of their technical skill, disseminating⁷¹ advanced science and technology, improving the systems of economic administration and enterprise operation and management, instituting the socialist system of responsibility in various forms and improving the organization of work.

　　The state practices strict economy and combats waste.

　　The state properly apportions⁷² accumulation and consumption, concerns itself with the interests of the collective and the individual as well as of the state and, on the basis of expanded production, gradually improves the material and cultural life of the people.

　　Article 15 The state practices socialist market economy.

　　The state shall enhance economic legislation and improve macro-control of the economy.

　　The state shall, in accordance with the law, prohibit disturbance⁷³ of the socioeconomic order by any organization or individual.

　　Article 16 State-owned enterprises have decision-making power with regard to operations within the limits prescribed by law.

　　State-owned enterprises practice democratic management through congresses of workers and staff and in other ways in accordance with the law.

　　Article 17 Collective economic organizations have decision-making power in conduction independent economic activities, on condition that they abide by the relevant laws.

　　Collective economic organizations practice democratic management, elect and remove their managerial personnel in accordance with the law and decide major issues concerning operation and management.

　　Article 18 The People's Republic of China permits foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations and individual foreigners to invest in China and to enter into various forms of economic cooperation with Chinese enterprises and other Chinese economic organizations in accordance with the law of the People's Republic of China.

　　All foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations as well as Chinese-foreign joint²⁹ ventures within Chinese territory shall abide by the law of the People's Republic of China.

　　Article 19 The state undertakes the development of socialist education and works to raise the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation.

　　The state establishes and administers schools of various types, universalizes compulsory⁷⁴ primary education and promotes secondary, vocational and higher education as well as pre-school education.

　　The state develops educational facilities in order to eliminate illiteracy⁷⁵ and provide political, scientific, technical and professional education as well as general education for workers, peasants, state functionaries⁷⁶ and other working people. It encourages people to become educated through independent study.

　　The state encourages the collective economic organizations, state enterprises and institutions and other sectors⁷⁷ of society to establish educational institutions of various types in accordance with the law.

　　The state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua.

　　Article 20 The state promotes the development of natural and social sciences, disseminates⁷⁸ knowledge of science and technology, and commends and rewards achievements in scientific research as well as technological⁷⁹ innovations and inventions.

　　Article 21 The state develops medical and health services, promotes modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, encourages and supports the setting up of various medical and health facilities by the rural economic collectives, state enterprises and institutions and neighborhood organizations, and promotes health and sanitation⁸⁰ activities of a mass character, all for the protection of the people's health.

　　The state develops physical culture and promotes mass sports activities to improve the people's physical fitness.

　　Article 22 The state promotes the development of art and literature, the press, radio and television broadcasting, publishing and distribution services, libraries, museums, cultural centers and other cultural undertakings that serve the people and socialism, and it sponsors mass cultural activities.

　　The state protects sites of scenic⁸¹ and historical interest, valuable cultural monuments and relics⁸² and other significant items of China's historical and cultural heritage.

　　Article 23 The state trains specialized⁸³ personnel in all fields who serve socialism, expands the ranks of intellectuals and creates conditions to give full scope to their role in socialist modernization.

　　Article 24 The state strengthens the building of a socialist society with an advanced culture and ideology by promoting education in high ideals, ethics⁸⁴, general knowledge, discipline and legality, and by promoting the formulation and observance of rules of conduct and common pledges by various sections of the people in urban and rural areas.

　　The state advocates the civic⁸⁵ virtues⁸⁶ of love of the motherland, of the people, of labor, of science, and of socialism; it educates the people in patriotism⁸⁷, collectivism, internationalism, and communism and in dialectical and historical materialism⁸⁸; it combats capitalist, feudal, and other decadent⁸⁹ ideas.

　　Article 25 The state promotes family planning so that population growth may fit the plans for economic and social development.

　　Article 26 The state protects and improves the living environment of the people and the ecological⁹⁰ environment. It prevents and controls pollution and other public hazards.

　　The state organizes and encourages afforestation and the protection of forests.

　　Article 27 All state organs carry out the principle of simple and efficient administration, the system of responsibility for work and the system of training functionaries and appraising⁹¹ their performance in order constantly to improve the quality of work and efficiency and combat bureaucratism.

　　All state organs and functionaries must rely on the support of the people, keep in close touch with them, heed⁹² their opinions and suggestions, accept their supervision and work hard to serve them.

　　Article 28 The state maintains public order and suppresses treasonable criminal activities and other criminal activities that endanger state security; it penalizes criminal activities that endanger public security and disrupt the socialist economy as well as other criminal activities; and it punishes and reforms criminals.

　　Article 29 The armed forces of the People's Republic of China belong to the people. Their tasks are to strengthen national defense, resist aggression, defend the motherland, safeguard the people's peaceful labor, participate in national reconstruction⁹³ and do their best to serve the people.

　　The state strengthens the revolutionization, modernization and regularization of the armed forces in order to increase the national defence capability⁹⁴.

　　Article 30 The administrative division of the People's Republic of China is as follows:

　　1)The country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

　　2)Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities;

　　3)Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, nationality townships, and towns.

　　Municipalities directly under the Central Government and other large cities are divided into districts and counties. Autonomous prefectures are divided into counties, autonomous counties, and cities.

　　All autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties are national autonomous areas.

　　Article 31 The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted⁹⁶ by the National People's Congress in light of specific conditions.

　　Article 32 The People's Republic of China protects the lawful rights and interests of foreigners within Chinese territory; foreigners on Chinese territory must abide by the laws of the People's Republic of China.

　　The People's Republic of China may grant asylum⁹⁷ to foreigners who request it for political reasons.

　　Chapter Two The fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens

　　Article 33 All persons holding the nationality of the People's Republic of China are citizens of the People's Republic of China.

　　All citizens of the People's Republic of China are equal before the law. Every citizen is entitled to the rights and at the same time must perform the duties prescribed by the Constitution and the law.

　　Article 34 All citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic⁹⁸ status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights according to law.

　　Article 35 Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration⁹⁹.

　　Article 36 Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief.

　　No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate¹⁰⁰ against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion.

　　The state protects normal religious activities. No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair¹⁰¹ the health of citizens or interfere⁵⁶ with the educational system of the state.

　　Religious bodies and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign domination.

　　Article 37 Freedom of the person of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable.

　　No citizens may be arrested except with the approval or by decision of a people's procuratorate or by decision of a people's court, and arrests must be made by a public security organ.

　　Unlawful detention¹⁰² or deprivation¹⁰³ or restriction¹⁰⁴ of citizens' freedom of the person by other means is prohibited, and unlawful search of the person of citizens is prohibited.

　　Article 38 The personal dignity of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable. Insult, libel, false accusation¹⁰⁵ or false incrimination directed against citizens by any means is prohibited.

　　Article 39 The residences of citizens of the People's Republic of China are inviolable. Unlawful search of, or intrusion into, a citizen's residence is prohibited.

　　Article 40 Freedom and privacy of correspondence of citizens of the People's Republic of China are protected by law. No organization or individual may, on any ground, infringe¹⁰⁶ on citizens' freedom of privacy of correspondence, except in cases where to meet the needs of state security or of criminal investigation¹⁰⁷, public security or procuratorial organs are permitted to censor¹⁰⁸ correspondence in accordance with procedures prescribed by law.

　　Article 41 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to criticize and make suggestions regarding any state organ or functionary¹⁰⁹. Citizens have the right to make to relevant state organs complaints or charges against, or exposures of, any state organ or functionary for violation of the law or dereliction of duty, but fabrication or distortion of facts for purposes of libel or false incrimination is prohibited.

　　The appropriate state organ must deal with complaints, charges or exposures made by citizens in a responsible manner after ascertaining¹¹⁰ the facts. No one may suppress such complaints, charges and exposures or retaliate¹¹¹ against the citizens making them.

　　Citizens who have suffered losses as a result of infringement¹¹² of their civic rights by any state organ or functionary have the right to compensation in accordance with the law.

　　Article 42 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right as well as the duty to work.

　　Through various channels, the state creates conditions for employment, enhances occupational safety and health, improves working conditions and, on the basis of expanded production, increases remuneration for work and welfare benefits.

　　Work is a matter of honor for every citizen who is able to work. All working people in state-owned enterprises and in urban and rural economic collectives should approach their work as the masters of the country that they are. The state promotes socialist labor emulation¹¹³, and commends and rewards model and advanced workers. The state encourages citizens to take part in voluntary labor.

　　The state provides necessary vocational training for citizens before they are employed.

　　Article 43 Working people in the People's Republic of China have the right to rest.

　　The state expands facilities for the rest and recuperation of the working people and prescribes working hours and vacations for workers and staff.

　　Article 44 The state applies the system of retirement¹¹⁴ for workers and staff of enterprises and institutions and for functionaries of organs of state according to law. The livelihood¹¹⁵ of retried personnel is ensured by the state and society.

　　Article 45 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to material assistance from the state and society when they are old, ill or disabled. The state develops social insurance, social relief and medical and health services that are required for citizens to enjoy this right.

　　The state and society ensure the livelihood of disabled members of the armed forces, provides pensions to the families of martyrs¹¹⁶ and gives preferential treatment to the families of military personnel.

　　The state and society help make arrangements for the work, livelihood and education of the blind, deaf-mutes and other handicapped citizens.

　　Article 46 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right as well as the duty to receive education.

　　The state promotes the all-round development of children and young people, morally, intellectually and physically¹¹⁷.

　　Article 47 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have freedom to engage in scientific research, literary and artistic¹¹⁸ creation and other cultural pursuits. The state encourages and assists creative endeavors conducive¹¹⁹ to the interests of the people that are made by citizens engaged in education, science, technology, literature, art and other cultural work.

　　Article 48 Women in the People's Republic of China enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life, in political, economic, cultural, social and family life.

　　The state protects the rights and interests of women, applies the principle of equal pay for equal work to men and women alike and trains and selects cadres from among women.

　　Article 49 Marriage, the family and mother and child are protected by the state.

　　Both husband and wife have the duty to practice family planning.

　　Parents have the duty to rear and educate their children who are minors¹²⁰, and children who have come of age have the duty to support and assist their parents.

　　Violation of the freedom of marriage is prohibited. Maltreatment of old people, women and children is prohibited.

　　Article 50 The People's Republic of China protects the legitimate¹²¹ rights and interests of Chinese nationals residing abroad and protects the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese and of the family members of Chinese nationals residing abroad.

　　Article 51 Citizens of the People's Republic of China, in exercising their freedoms and rights, may not infringe upon the interests of the state, of society or of the collective, or upon the lawful freedoms and rights of other citizens.

　　Article 52 It is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to safeguard the unification of the country and the unity of all its nationalities.

　　Article 53 Citizens of the People's Republic of China must abide by the Constitution and the law, keep state secrets, protect public property, observe labor discipline and public order and respect social ethics.

　　Article 54 In is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to safeguard the security, honor and interests of the motherland; they must not commit acts detrimental¹²² to the security, honor and interests of the motherland.

　　Article 55 It is the sacred duty of every citizen of the People's Republic of China to defend the motherland and resist aggression.

　　It is the honorable duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to perform military service and join the militia¹²³ in accordance with the law.

　　Article 56 It is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to pay taxes in accordance with the law.

　　Chapter Three The Structure of the State

　　Section I the National People's Congress

　　Article 57 The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China is the highest organ of state power. Its permanent body is the Standing¹²⁴ Committee of the National People's Congress.

　　Article 58 The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative¹²⁵ power of the state.

　　Article 59 The National People's Congress is composed of deputies elected from the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and of deputies elected from the armed forces. All minority nationalities are entitled to appropriate representation.

　　Election of deputies to the National People's Congress is conducted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

　　The number of deputies to the National People's Congress and the procedure of their election are prescribed by law.

　　Article 60 The National People's Congress is elected for a term of five years.

　　The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress must ensure the completion of election of deputies to the succeeding National People's Congress two months prior to the expiration¹²⁶ of the term of office of the current National People's Congress. Should extraordinary circumstances prevent such an election, it may be postponed¹²⁷ and the term of office of the current.

　　National People's Congress extended by the decision of a vote of more than two-thirds of all those on the Standing Committee of the current National People's Congress. The election of deputies to the succeeding National People's Congress must be completed within one year after the termination of such extraordinary circumstances.

　　Article 61 The National People's Congress meets in session once a year and is convened¹²⁹ by its Standing Committee. A session of the National People's Congress may be convened at any time the Standing Committee deems it necessary or when more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress so propose.

　　When the National People's Congress meets, it elects a Presidium to conduct its session.

　　Article 62 The National People's Congress exercises the following functions and powers:

　　(1) to amend²⁵ the Constitution;

　　(2) to supervise the enforcement of the Constitution;

　　(3) to enact⁹⁵ and amend basic laws governing criminal offenses¹³⁰, civil affairs, the state organs and other matters;

　　(4) to elect the President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China;

　　(5) to decide on the choice of the Premier¹³¹ of the State Council upon nomination¹³² by the President of the People's Republic of China, and on the choice of the Vice-Premiers, State Councilors, Ministers in charge of ministries¹³³ or commissions, the Auditor¹³⁴ General and the Secretary General of the State Council upon nomination by the Premier;

　　(6) to elect the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and, upon, nomination by the Chairman, to decide on the choice of all other members of the Central Military Commission;

　　(7) to elect the President of the Supreme People's Court;

　　(8) to elect the Procurator General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate;

　　(9) to examine and approve the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation;

　　(10) to examine and approve the state budget and the report on its implementation;

　　(11) to alter or annul¹³⁵ inappropriate decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress;

　　(12) to approve the establishment of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

　　(13) to decide on the establishment of special administrative regions and the systems to be instituted there;

　　(14) to decide on questions of war and peace; and

　　(15) to exercise such other functions and powers as the highest organ of state power should exercise.

　　Article 63 The National People's Congress has the power to remove from office the following persons:

　　(1) the President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China;

　　(2) the Premier, Vice-Premiers, State Councilors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor General and the Secretary General of the State Council;

　　(3) the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and other members of the Commission;

　　(4) the President of the Supreme People's Court; and

　　(5) the Procurator General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate.

　　Article 64 Amendments¹³⁶ to the Constitution are to be proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or by more than one-fifth of the deputies of the National People's Congress and adopted by a vote of more than two-thirds of all the deputies to the Congress.

　　Laws and resolutions are to be adopted by a majority vote of all deputies to the National People's Congress.

　　Article 65 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is composed of the following:

　　the Chairman;

　　the Vice-Chairmen;

　　the Secretary-General; and

　　the members.

　　Minority nationalities are entitled to appropriate representation on the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

　　The National People's Congress elects, and has the power to recall, members of its Standing Committee.

　　No one on the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall hold office in any of the administrative, judicial or procuratorial organs of the state.

　　Article 66 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is elected for the same term of the National People's Congress; it shall exercise its functions and powers until a new Standing Committee is elected by the succeeding National People's Congress.

　　The Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee shall serve no more than two consecutive¹³⁷ terms.

　　Article 67 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress exercises the following functions and powers:

　　(1) to interpret the Constitution and supervise its enforcement;

　　(2) to enact and amend laws, with the exception of those which should be enacted by the National People's Congress;

　　(3) to partially¹³⁸ supplement and amend, when the National People's Congress is not in session, laws enacted by the National People's Congress provided that the basic principles of those laws are not contravened¹³⁹;

　　(4) to interpret laws;

　　(5) to review and approve, when the National People's Congress is not in session, partial adjustments to the plan for national economic and social development or to the state budget that prove necessary in the course of their implementation;

　　(6) to supervise the work of the State Council, the Central Military Commission, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate;

　　(7) to annul those administrative rules and regulations, decisions or orders of the State Council that contravene the Constitution or the law;

　　(8) to annual those local regulations or decisions of the organs of state power of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government that contravene the Constitution, the law or the administrative rules and regulations;

　　(9) to decide, when the National People's Congress is not in session, on the choice of Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor General or the Secretary General of the State Council upon nomination by the Premier of the State Council;

　　(10) to decide, upon nomination by the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, on the choice of other members of the Commission, when the National People's Congress is not in session;

　　(11) to appoint or remove, at the recommendation of the President of the Supreme People's Court, the Vice-Presidents and Judges of the Supreme People's Court, members of its Judicial Committee and the President of the Military Court;

　　(12) to appoint or remove, at the recommendation of the Procurator General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Deputy Procurators-General and procurators of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, members of its Procuratorial Committee and the Chief Procurator of the Military Procuratorate, and to approve the appointment or removal of the chief procurators of the people's procuratorates of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

　　(13) to decide on the appointment or recall of plenipotentiary representatives abroad;

　　(14) to decide on the ratification¹⁴⁰ or abrogation¹⁴¹ of treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states;

　　(15) to institute systems of titles and ranks for military and diplomatic personnel and of other specific titles and ranks;

　　(16) to institute state medals and titles of honor and decide on their conferment;

　　(17) to decide on the granting of special pardons;

　　(18) to decide, when the National People's Congress is not in session, on the proclamation of the state of war in the event or an armed attack on the country or in fulfillment of international treaty obligations concerning common defense against aggression;

　　(19) to decide on general mobilization or partial mobilization;

　　(20) to decide on the imposition of martial¹⁴² law throughout the country or in particular provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government; and

　　(21) to exercise such other functions and powers as the National People's Congress may assign to it.

　　Article 68 The Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress directs the work of the Standing Committee and convenes¹⁴³ its meeting. The Vice-Chairmen and the Secretary-General assist the Chairman in his work.

　　The Chairman, the Vice-Chairmen and the Secretary-General constitute the Council of Chairmen which handles the important day-to-day work of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

　　Article 69 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is responsible to the National People's Congress and reports on is work to the Congress.

　　Article 70 The National People's Congress establishes a Nationalities Committee, a Law Committee, a Finance and Economic Committee, an Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee, a Foreign Affairs Committee, an Overseas Chinese Committee and such other special committees as are necessary. These special committees work under the direction of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress when the Congress is not in session.

　　The special committees examine, discuss and draw up relevant bills and draft resolutions under the direction of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

　　Article 71 The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, when they deem necessary, appoint committees of inquiry¹⁴⁴ into special questions and adopt relevant resolutions in the light of their reports.

　　All organs of state, public organizations and citizens concerned are obliged to furnish when necessary information to the committees of inquiry when they conduct investigations¹⁴⁵.

　　Article 72 Deputies to the National People's Congress and members of its Standing Committee have the right, in accordance with the procedures prescribed by law, to submit bills and proposals within the scope of the respective functions and powers of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

　　Article 73 Deputies to the National People's Congress and members of its Standing Committee have the right, during the sessions of Congress and the meetings of the Committee, to address questions, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to the State Council or the ministries and commissions under the State Council, which must answer the questions in a responsible manner.

　　Article 74 No deputy to the National People's Congress may be arrested or placed on criminal trial without the consent of the Presidium of the current session of the National People's Congress or, when the National People's Congress is not in session, without the consent of its Standing Committee.

　　Article 75 Deputies to the National People's Congress may not be held legally liable for their speeches or votes at its meetings.

　　Article 76 Deputies to the National People's Congress must play an exemplary role in abiding¹⁴⁶ by the Constitution and the law and keeping state secrets, in public activities, production and other work, assist in enforcement of the Constitution and the law.

　　Deputies to the National People's Congress should maintain close contact with the unites which elected them and with the people, heed and convey the opinions and demands of the people and work hard to serve them.

　　Article 77 Deputies to the National People's Congress are subject to supervision by the units which elected them. The electoral units have the power, through procedures prescribed by law, to recall deputies they elected.

　　Article 78 The organization and working procedures of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee are prescribed by law.

　　Section II The President of the People's Republic of China

　　Article 79 The President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China are elected by the National People's Congress.

　　Citizens of the People's Republic of China who have the right to vote and to stand for election and who have reached the age of 45 are eligible¹⁴⁷ for election as President or Vice-President of the People's Republic of China.

　　The term of office of the President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China is the same as that of the National People's Congress, and they shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

　　Article 80 The President of the People's Republic of China, in pursuance of the decisions of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, promulgates¹⁴⁸ statutes¹⁴⁹, appoints or removes the Premier, Vice-Premiers, State Councilors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council, confers state medals and titles of honor; issues orders of special pardons; proclaims martial law; proclaims a state of war; and issues mobilization orders.

　　Article 81 The President of the People's Republic of China receives foreign diplomatic representatives on behalf of the People's Republic of China and, in pursuance of the decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, appoints or recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad, and ratifies¹⁵⁰ or abrogates¹⁵¹ treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states.

　　Article 82 The Vice-President of the People's Republic of China assists the President in his work.

　　The Vice-President of the People's Republic of China may exercise such functions and powers of the President and the President may entrust¹⁵² to him.

　　Article 83 The President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China exercise their functions and powers until the new President and Vice-President elected by the succeeding National People's Congress assume office.

　　Article 84 In the event that the office of the President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China succeeds to the office of President.

　　In the event the office of the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the National People's Congress shall elect a new Vice-President to fill the vacancy¹⁵³.

　　In the event that the offices of both the President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China fall vacant, the National People's Congress shall elect a new President and a new Vice-President. Prior to such election, the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall temporarily act as the President of the People's Republic of China.

　　Section III The State Council

　　Article 85 The State Council, that is, the Central People's Government, of the People's Republic of China is the executive body of the highest organ of state power; it is the highest organ of the state administration.

　　Article 86 The State Council is composed of the following:

　　the Premier;

　　the Vice-Premiers;

　　the State Councilors;

　　the Ministers in charge of ministries;

　　the Ministers in charge of commissions;

　　the Auditor General; and

　　the Secretary General.

　　The Premier assumes overall responsibility for the work of the State Council. The Ministers assume overall responsibility for the work of the ministries and commissions.

　　The organization of the State Council is prescribed by law.

　　Article 87 The term of office of the State Council is the same as that of the National People's Congress.

　　The Premier, Vice-Premiers, and State Councilors shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

　　Article 88 The Premier directs the work of the State Council. The Vice-Premiers and State Councilors assist the Premier in his work.

　　Executive meetings of the State Council are composed of the Premier, the Vice-Premiers, the State Councilors and the Secretary General of the State Council.

　　The Premier convenes and presides over the executive meetings and plenary meetings of the State Council.

　　Article 89 The State Council exercises the following functions and powers:

　　(1) to adopt administrative measures, enact administrative rules and regulations and issue decisions and orders in accordance with the Constitution and the law;

　　(2) to submit proposals to the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee;

　　(3) to formulate¹⁵⁴ the tasks and responsibilities of the ministries and commissions of the State Council, to exercise unified leadership over the work of the ministries and commissions and direct all other administrative work of a national character that does not fall within the jurisdiction¹⁵⁵ of the ministries and commissions;

　　(4) to exercise unified leadership over the work of local organs of state administration at various levels throughout the country, and to formulate the detailed¹⁵⁶ division of functions and powers between the Central Government and the organs of state administration of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

　　(5) to draw up and implement the plan for national economic and social development of the state budget;

　　(6) to direct and administer economic affairs and urban and rural development;

　　(7) to direct and administer the affairs of education, science, culture, public health, physical culture and family planning;

　　(8) to direct and administer civil affairs, public security, judicial administration, supervision and other related matters;

　　(9) to conduct foreign affairs and conclude treaties and agreements with foreign states;

　　(10) to direct and administer the building of national defense;

　　(11) to direct and administer affairs concerning the nationalities and to safeguard the equal rights of minority nationalities and the right to autonomy of the national autonomous areas;

　　(12) to protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals residing abroad and protect the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese and of the family members of Chinese nationals residing abroad;

　　(13) to alter or annul inappropriate orders, directives and regulations issued by the ministries or commissions;

　　(14) to alter or annul inappropriate decisions and orders issued by local organs of state administration at various levels;

　　(15) to approve the geographic¹⁵⁷ division of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and to approve the establishment and geographic division of autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities;

　　(16) to decide on the imposition of martial law in parts of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

　　(17) to examine and decide on the size of administrative organs and, in accordance with the law, to appoint or remove administrative officials, train them, appraise¹⁵⁸ their performance and reward or punish them; and

　　xercise such other functions and powers as the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee may assign to it.

　　Article 90 Ministers in charge of the ministries or commissions of the State Council are responsible for the work of their respective departments and they convene¹²⁸ and preside over ministerial meetings for general and executive meetings of the commissions to discuss and decide major issues in the work of their respective departments.

　　The ministries and commissions issues orders, directives and regulations within the jurisdiction of their respective departments in accordance with the law and the administrative rules and regulations, decisions and orders issued by the State Council.

　　Article 91 The State Council establishes an auditing¹⁵⁹ body to supervise through auditing the revenue and expenditure¹⁶⁰ of all departments under the State Council and of the local governments at various levels, and the revenue and expenditure of all financial and monetary¹⁶¹ organizations, enterprises and institutions of the state.

　　Under the direction of the Premier of the State Council, the auditing body independently exercises its power of supervision through auditing in accordance with the law, subject to no interference by any other administrative organ of any public organization or individual.

　　Article 92 The State Council is responsible and reports on its work to the National People's Congress, or when the National People's Congress is not in session, to its Standing Committee.

　　Section IV The Central Military Commission

　　Article 93 The Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China directs the armed forces of the country.

　　The Central Military Commission is composed of the following:

　　the Chairman;

　　the Vice-Chairmen; and

　　the members.

　　The Chairman assumes overall responsibility for the work of the Central Military Commission.

　　The term of office of the Central Military Commission is the same as that of the National People's Congress.

　　Article 94 The Chairman of the Central Military Commission is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

　　Section V The local People's Congresses and Local People's Governments at Various Levels

　　Article 95 People's congresses and people's governments are established in provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, counties, cities, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns.

　　The organization of local people's congresses and local people's governments at various levels is prescribed by law.

　　Organs of self-government are established in autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties. The organization and working procedures of organs of self-government are prescribed by law in accordance with the basic principles laid down in Sections V and VI of Chapter Three of the Constitution.

　　Article 96 Local people's congresses at various levels are local organs of state power.

　　Local people's congresses at and above the county level establish standing committees.

　　Article 97 Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are elected by the people's congresses at the next lower level; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns are elected directly by their constituencies.

　　The number of deputies to local people's congresses at various levels and the manner of their election are prescribed by law.

　　Article 98 The term of office of the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, counties, cities and districts under the jurisdiction of the municipal government is five years.

　　The term of office of the people's congresses of townships, nationality townships and towns is three years.

　　Article 99 Local people's congresses at various levels ensure the observance and implementation of the Constitution and the law and the administrative rules and regulations in their respective administrative areas. Within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, they adopt and issue regulations and examine and decide on plans for local economic and cultural development and for the development of public services.

　　Local people's congresses at and above the county level shall examine and approve the plans for economic and social development and the budgets of their respective administrative areas and examine and approve the reports on their implementation. They have the power to alter or annual inappropriate decisions of their own standing committees.

　　The people's congresses of nationality townships may, within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, take specific measures suited to the characteristics of the nationalities concerned.

　　Article 100 The people's congresses of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government and their standing committees may adopt local regulations, which must not contravene the Constitution and the law and administrative rules and regulations, and they shall report such local regulations to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.

　　Article 101 Local people's congresses and their respective levels elect and have the power to recall governors and deputy governors, or mayors and deputy mayors, or heads deputy heads of counties, districts, townships and towns.

　　Local people's congresses at and above the county level elect, and have the power to recall, presidents of people's courts and chief pocurators of people's procuratorates at the corresponding level. The election or recall of chief procurators of people's procuratorates at the next higher level for submission¹⁶² to the standing committees of the people's congresses at the corresponding level for approval.

　　Article 102 Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are subject to supervision by the units which elected them; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns are subject to supervision by their constituencies.

　　The electoral units and constituencies which elect deputies to local people's congresses at various levels have the power to recall the deputies according to procedures prescribed by law.

　　Article 103 The standing committee of the local people's congress at and above the county level is composed of a chairman, Vice-Chairmen and members, and is responsible and reports on its work to the people's congress at the corresponding level.

　　A local people's congress at or above the county level elects, and has the power to recall, members of its standing committee.

　　No one on the standing committee of a local people's congress at or above the county level shall hold office in state administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs.

　　Article 104 The standing committee of a local people's congress at and above the county level discusses and decides on major issues in all fields of work in its administrative area; supervises the work of the people's government, people's court and people's procuratorate at the corresponding level; annuls¹⁶³ inappropriate decisions and orders of the people's government at the corresponding level; annuls inappropriate resolutions of the people's congress at the next lower level, decides on the appointment or removal of functionaries of state organs within the limits of its authority as prescribed by law; and, when the people's congress at the corresponding level is not in session, recalls individual deputies to the people's congress at the next higher level and elects individual deputies to fill vacancies¹⁶⁴ in that people's congress.

　　Article 105 Local people's governments at various levels are the executive bodies of local organs of state power as well as the local organs of state administration at the corresponding levels.

　　Governors, mayors and heads of counties, districts, townships and towns assume overall responsibility for local people's governments at various levels.

　　Article 106 The term of office of local people's governments at various levels is the same as that of the people's congresses at the corresponding levels.

　　Article 107 Local people's governments at and above the county level, within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, conduct administrative work concerning the economy, education, science, culture, public health, physical culture, urban and rural development, finance, civil affairs, public security, nationalities affairs, judicial administration, supervision and family planning in their respective administrative areas, issue decisions and orders; appoint or remove administrative functionaries, train them, appraise their performance and reward or punish them.

　　People's governments of townships, nationality townships, and towns execute the resolutions of the people's congress at the corresponding level as well as the decisions and orders of the state administrative organs at the next higher level and conduct administrative work in their respective administrative areas.

　　People's governments of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government decide on the establishment and geographic division of townships, nationality townships, and towns.

　　Article 108 Local people's governments at and above the county level direct the work of their subordinate departments and of people's governments at lower levels, and have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their subordinate departments and of people's governments at lower levels.

　　Article 109 Auditing bodies are established by local people's governments at and above the county level. Local auditing bodies at various levels independently exercise their power of supervision through auditing in accordance with the law and are responsible to the people's government at the corresponding level and to the auditing body at the next higher level.

　　Article 110 Local people's governments at various levels are responsible, and report on their work to people's congresses at the corresponding level. Local people's governments at and above the county level are responsible, and report on their work, to the standing committee of the people's congress at the corresponding level when the congress is not in session.

　　Local people's governments at various levels are responsible and report on their work to the state administrative organs at the next higher level. Local people's governments at various levels throughout the country are state administrative organs under the unified leadership of the State Council and are subordinate to it.

　　Article 111 The residents' committees and villagers' committees established among urban and rural residents on the basis of their place of residence are mass organizations of self-management at the grass roots level. The chairman, Vice-Chairmen and members of each residents' or villagers' committee are elected by the residents. The relationship between the residents' and villagers' committees and the grass roots organs of state power is prescribed by law.

　　The residents' and villagers' committees establish committees for people's mediation¹⁶⁵, public security, public health and other matters in order to manage public affairs and social services in their areas, mediate¹⁶⁶ civil disputes, help maintain public order and convey residents' opinions and demands and make suggestions to the people's government.

　　Section VI The Organs of Self-Government of National Autonomous Areas

　　Article 112 The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas are the people's congresses and the people's governments of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties.

　　Article 113 In the people's congress of an autonomous region, prefecture or county, in addition to the deputies of the nationality exercising regional autonomy in the administrative area, the other nationalities inhabiting the area are also entitled to appropriate representation.

　　Among the chairman and Vice-Chairmen of the standing committee of the people's congress of an autonomous region, prefecture or county there shall be one or more citizens of the nationality or nationalities exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.

　　Article 114 The chairman of an autonomous region, the prefect of an autonomous prefecture or the head of an autonomous county shall be a citizen of the nationality exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.

　　Article 115 The organs of self-government of autonomous regions, prefectures and counties exercise the functions and powers of local organs of state as specified¹⁶⁷ in Section V of Chapter Three of the Constitution. At the same time, they exercise the power of autonomy within the limits of their authority as prescribed by the Constitution, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional National Autonomy and other laws and implement the laws and policies of the state in the light of the existing local situation.

　　Article 116 The people's congresses of the national autonomous areas have the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations in the light of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the nationality or nationalities in the areas concerned. The regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations of autonomous regions shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval before they go into effect. Those of autonomous prefectures and counties shall be submitted to the standing committees of the people's congresses of provinces of autonomous regions for approval before they go into effect, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.

　　Article 117 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas have the power of autonomy in administering the finances of their areas. All revenues accruing¹⁶⁸ to the national autonomous areas under the financial system of the state shall be managed and used by the organs of self-government of those areas on their own.

　　Article 118 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently arrange for and administer local economic development under the guidance of the state plans.

　　In exploiting natural resources and building enterprises in the national autonomous areas, the state shall give due consideration to the interests of those areas.

　　Article 119 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently administer educational, scientific, cultural, public health and physical culture affairs in their respective areas, protect and sift¹⁶⁹ through the cultural heritage of the nationalities and work for a vigorous development of their cultures.

　　Article 120 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas may, in accordance with the military system of the state and practical local needs and with the approval of the State Council, organize local public security forces for the maintenance of public order.

　　Article 122 The state provides financial, material and technical assistance to the minority nationalities to accelerate their economic and cultural development.

　　The state helps the national autonomous areas train large numbers of cadres at various levels and specialized personnel and skilled workers of various profession and trades from among the nationality or nationalities in those areas.

　　Section VII The People's Courts and the People's Procuratorates

　　Article 123 The people's courts of the People's Republic of China are the judicial organs of the state.

　　Article 124 The People's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Court and the people's courts at various local levels, military courts and other special people's courts.

　　The term of office of the President of the Supreme People's Court is the same as that of the National People's Congress. The President shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

　　The organization of the people's courts is prescribed by law.

　　Article 125 Except in special circumstances as specified by law, all cases in the people's courts are heard in public. The accused has the right to defense.

　　Article 126 The people's courts exercise judicial power independently, in accordance with the provisions of the law, and are not subject to interference by any administrative organ, public organization or individual.

　　Article 127 The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicial organ.

　　The Supreme People's Court supervises the administration of justice by the people's courts at various local levels and by the special people's courts. People's courts at higher levels supervise the administration of justice by those at lower levels.

　　Article 128 The Supreme People's Court is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. Local people's courts at various levels are responsible to the organs of the state power which created them.

　　Article 129 The people's procuratorates of the People's Republic of China are state organs for legal supervision.

　　Article 130 The People's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the people's procuratorates at various levels, military procuratortates and other special people's procuratorates.

　　The term of office of the Procurator General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate is the same as that of the National People's Congress; the Procurator General shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

　　The organization of the people's procuratorates is prescribed by law.

　　Article 131 The people's procuratorates exercise procuratorial power independently, in accordance with the provisions of the law, and are not subject to interference by any administrative organ, public organization or individual.

　　Article 132 The Supreme People's Procuratorate is the highest procuratorial organ.

　　The Supreme People's Procuratorate directs the work of the people's procuratorates at various local levels and of the special people's procuratorates at various local levels. People's procuratorates at higher levels direct the work of those at lower levels.

　　Article 133 The Supreme People's Procuratorate is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. People's procuratorates at various levels are responsible to the organs of state power which created them and to the people's procuratorates at higher levels.

　　Article 134 Citizens of all nationalities have the right to use the spoken and written languages of their own nationalities in court proceedings¹⁷⁰. The people's courts and people's procuratorates should provide translation for any party to the court proceedings who is not familiar with the spoken or written languages commonly used in the locality.

　　In an area where people of a minority nationality live in a concentrated community or where a number of nationalities live together, court hearings should be conducted in the language or languages commonly used in the locality; indictments¹⁷¹, judgments¹⁷², notices and other documents should be written, according to actual needs, in the language or languages commonly used in the locality.

　　Article 135 The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall, in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall coordinate¹⁶ their efforts and check each other to ensure the correct and effective enforcement of the law.

　　Chapter Four The National Flag, the National Emblem and the Capital

　　Article 136 The national flag of the People's Republic of China is a red flag with five stars.

　　Article 137 The national emblem of the People's Republic of China consists of an image of Tiananmen in its center illuminated¹⁷³ by five stars and encircled by ears of grain and a cogwheel.

　　Article 138 The capital of the People's Republic of China is Beijing.

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