compass  指南
　　gunpowder¹ 火药
　　papermaking 造纸术
　　printing （movable type） 印刷术

　　Four Great Inventions of Ancient China —— printing
　　Block Printing

　　With the inventions of paper and ink, stamper gradually became popular during the Jin Dynasty （265-420）, which was the early form of Carved Type Printing. Block Printing first appeared in the Tang Dynasty （618-907）. The text was first written on a piece of thin paper, then glued face down onto a wooden plate. The characters were carved out to make a wood-block printing plate, which was used to print the text. Wood-block printing took a long time as a new block had to be carved for every page in a book.  

　　It took a lot of time and energy as well as materials to prepare for printing a book, but it worked more effectively afterwards. This technology was gradually introduced to Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and the Philippines.

　　Yet, Block Printing had its drawbacks² —— all the boards became useless after the printing was done and a single mistake in carving³ could ruin the whole block. The frontispiece of the world's oldest surviving book, the Diamond Sutra printed in the year 868, was discovered at Dunhuang Cave, along the Silk Road. The book, in the form of a roll, is the earliest woodcut illustration in a printed book.

　　Movable Type Printing

　　Block Printing was a costly⁴ and time-consuming process, for each carved block could only be used for a specific page of a particular book, besides, a single mistake in carving could ruin the whole block. However movable type changed all of that.

　　In the Song Dynasty （960-1279）, a man named Bi Sheng carved individual characters on identical pieces of fine clay. Each piece of movable type had on it one Chinese character which was carved in relief on a small block of moistened clay. After the block had been hardened by fire, the type became hard and durable⁵ and could be used wherever required. The pieces of movable type could be glued to an iron plate and easily detached⁶ from the plate. Each piece of character could be assembled to print a page and then broken up and redistributed as needed. When the printing was finished, the pieces were put away for future use.

　　By the year1000, paged books in the modern style had replaced scrolls⁷. Two color printing （black and red） was seen as early as 1340.

　　This technology then spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Europe. Later, German Johann Gutenberg invented movable type made of metal in the 1440s. Movable Type Printing developed very fast. Based on clay type, type made of wood, lead, tin and copper gradually appeared

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