口腔生理学术语(H)
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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)

Habitat - a location which has a suitable environment for an organism to live in. Caves are natural habitats for bats, trees for birds; oral surfaces and crevices1, for some bacteria.

    Haemostasis - the prevention of blood loss through a damaged vessel2 wall. There are three main mechanisms3, vasoconstriction, formation of a platelet plug and blood clotting4.

    Heparin sulphate - a glycosaminoglycan which is unusual in that it is stored inside the cell (mast cells) surrounding the liver. Heparin prevents blood clotting.

    Herbivorous- an animal whose diet consists of grass, leaves, roots or other plant matter.

    Heterodont- a dentition in which some of the teeth have different shapes and special functions. Form "hetero" = different) see also homodont.

    Hierarchy5 - an order of power between individuals. A ranking of most dominant6 to least dominant.

    Hippocampus - part of the limbic system, it seems to provide a spatial7 map, useful in the event of a sudden need to escape from an unpleasant sensory8 experience.

    Hypothalamus - this small body of nerve cells controls the activity of the pituitary gland9, the source of several hormones10 which control the activity of other hormones, including ACTH which in turn controls the level of glucocorticoid secretion11. The hypothalamus also has powerful connections with the other members of the limbic system, from which nerve pathways descend12 to control nerves in the spinal13 cord. The influence of the limbic system on the hypothalamus explains the raised levels of glucocorticoids in response to emotional stress. This bridge with the peripheral14 nervous system, provides a link between the emotional state of a person, as influenced by the activity of the limbic system, and the excitability of neurones in the spinal cord, to in-coming pain impulses.

    Histamine - is a product of the amino acid, histidene and is released by damaged cells. Histamine causes an increase in capillary15 permeability and vasodilation, two vascular16 events which are the first stages of inflammation. Histamine is also a neurotransmitters substance, released at nerve synapses17 mostly in the hypothalamus.

    Homeostasis - control of an organism抯 internal environment. Water content, temperature, acid-base balance, level of oxygen and carbon dioxide, adequate supply of energy are some of the many factors in the organism which require monitoring and control. A common form of control is feedback.

    Homodont - a dentition in which all the teeth are the same shape (from "home" = same) see also heterodont.

    Hyaluronic acid - the largest glycosaminoglycan known, it plays an important role of restricting the flow of water in tissues, particularly in synovial fluid where it acts as a lubricant..

    Hydrogen bonds - a weak force holding two molecules19 containing hydrogen together, each of which has a covalent bond with another atom. For example, water is a molecule18 made up of two hydrogen atoms attached covalently to an oxygen atom. The hydrogen proton is however not completely balanced and is still attracted to the oxygen atom of a neighbouring molecule. Molecules of water are thus held together by hydrogen bonds, which accounts for the unusually high boiling point of water considering its low molecular20 weight. Hydrogen bonds hold protein molecules in shape by linking up various sections. When proteins are heated, these bonds collapse21 and the protein is physically22 altered, even though its chemical composition remains23 unchanged. When an egg is heated the white part rapidly gels, indicating a change in the shape of the protein. The process is not reversible.. so an egg cannot be uncooked.

    Hydroxyapatite - one of the apatites which is the main salt of bone and teeth.

    Hydroxyl ion- a negatively charged ion of hydrogen and oxygen written as OH-.

    Hyperplasia - an increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the numbers of cells. The developing embryo24 increases in size due to cell division. The cells of some tissues retain the ability to divide throughout life, like the epithelium and connective tissues but muscle and nerve cells lose their ability to divide soon after birth. When hyperplasia is uncontrolled it produces a tumour25 which may be benign26 if it is well contained, not destructive and does not spread. But it may be malignant27, destroys normal tissue, and spread all over the body.

    Hypertrophy - an increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the size of each cell. Muscles increase in size due to hypertrophy.

    Hypoplasia - reduced formation of a tissue during development. Enamel28 hypoplasia may be recognised as pits and depressions in the enamel and may be cause by fluorosis.

    Hypotonic - a comparison between two solutions, indicating that one has a lower osmotic pressure, or is less salty than the other.

 



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1 crevices 268603b2b5d88d8a9cc5258e16a1c2f8     
n.(尤指岩石的)裂缝,缺口( crevice的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • It has bedded into the deepest crevices of the store. 它已钻进了店里最隐避的隙缝。 来自辞典例句
  • The wind whistled through the crevices in the rock. 风呼啸着吹过岩石的缝隙。 来自辞典例句
2 vessel 4L1zi     
n.船舶;容器,器皿;管,导管,血管
参考例句:
  • The vessel is fully loaded with cargo for Shanghai.这艘船满载货物驶往上海。
  • You should put the water into a vessel.你应该把水装入容器中。
3 mechanisms d0db71d70348ef1c49f05f59097917b8     
n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 );机械装置;[生物学] 机制;机械作用
参考例句:
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
4 clotting 9eca3747f25ae6f0d50d00d5b71d5d7d     
v.凝固( clot的现在分词 );烧结
参考例句:
  • The study was also based only on the one anti-clotting drug. 所用抗血栓药物也仅限于一种。 来自互联网
  • A plasma protein that is converted into thrombin during blood clotting. 凝血原酶一种血浆蛋白质,在血液凝聚时转化成凝血''。'酵'。''''。'素'。''。 来自互联网
5 hierarchy 7d7xN     
n.等级制度;统治集团,领导层
参考例句:
  • There is a rigid hierarchy of power in that country.那个国家有一套严密的权力等级制度。
  • She's high up in the management hierarchy.她在管理阶层中地位很高。
6 dominant usAxG     
adj.支配的,统治的;占优势的;显性的;n.主因,要素,主要的人(或物);显性基因
参考例句:
  • The British were formerly dominant in India.英国人从前统治印度。
  • She was a dominant figure in the French film industry.她在法国电影界是个举足轻重的人物。
7 spatial gvcww     
adj.空间的,占据空间的
参考例句:
  • This part of brain judges the spatial relationship between objects.大脑的这部分判断物体间的空间关系。
  • They said that time is the feeling of spatial displacement.他们说时间是空间位移的感觉。
8 sensory Azlwe     
adj.知觉的,感觉的,知觉器官的
参考例句:
  • Human powers of sensory discrimination are limited.人类感官分辨能力有限。
  • The sensory system may undergo long-term adaptation in alien environments.感觉系统对陌生的环境可能经过长时期才能适应。
9 gland qeGzu     
n.腺体,(机)密封压盖,填料盖
参考例句:
  • This is a snake's poison gland.这就是蛇的毒腺。
  • Her mother has an underactive adrenal gland.她的母亲肾上腺机能不全。
10 hormones hormones     
n. 荷尔蒙,激素 名词hormone的复数形式
参考例句:
  • This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body. 这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。
  • The adrenals produce a large per cent of a man's sex hormones. 肾上腺分泌人体的大部分性激素。
11 secretion QDozG     
n.分泌
参考例句:
  • Is there much secretion from your eyes?你眼里的分泌物多吗?
  • In addition,excessive secretion of oil,water scarcity are also major factors.除此之外,油脂分泌过盛、缺水也都是主要因素。
12 descend descend     
vt./vi.传下来,下来,下降
参考例句:
  • I hope the grace of God would descend on me.我期望上帝的恩惠。
  • We're not going to descend to such methods.我们不会沦落到使用这种手段。
13 spinal KFczS     
adj.针的,尖刺的,尖刺状突起的;adj.脊骨的,脊髓的
参考例句:
  • After three days in Japan,the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible.在日本三天,就已经使脊椎骨变得富有弹性了。
  • Your spinal column is made up of 24 movable vertebrae.你的脊柱由24个活动的脊椎骨构成。
14 peripheral t3Oz5     
adj.周边的,外围的
参考例句:
  • We dealt with the peripheral aspects of a cost reduction program.我们谈到了降低成本计划的一些外围问题。
  • The hotel provides the clerk the service and the peripheral traveling consultation.旅舍提供票务服务和周边旅游咨询。
15 capillary yTgy5     
n.毛细血管;adj.毛细管道;毛状的
参考例句:
  • Rapid capillary proliferation is a prominent feature of all early wound healing.迅速的毛细血管增生是所有早期伤口愈合的一个突出表现。
  • When pulmonary capillary pressure is markedly elevated,pulmonary edema ensues.当肺毛细血管压力明显升高时,就出现肺水肿。
16 vascular cidw6     
adj.血管的,脉管的
参考例句:
  • The mechanism of this anomalous vascular response is unknown.此种不规则的血管反应的机制尚不清楚。
  • The vascular changes interfere with diffusion of nutrients from plasma into adjacent perivascular tissue and cells.这些血管变化干扰了营养物质从血浆中向血管周围邻接的组织和细胞扩散。
17 synapses 866e8ec5e7e57c04ff0daa7921c4d2a5     
n.(神经元的)突触( synapse的名词复数 );染色体结合( synapsis的名词复数 );联会;突触;(神经元的)触处
参考例句:
  • Nerve cells communicate with one another at the synapses, where their membranes almost touch. 神经细胞在突触部位彼此沟通,在这里它们的膜几乎接触到一起了。 来自辞典例句
  • Glutamatergic synapses are common excitatory chemical connections in mammalian central nervous system. 谷氨酸性突触是哺乳动物神经系统的主要兴奋性突触。 来自互联网
18 molecule Y6Tzn     
n.分子,克分子
参考例句:
  • A molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hygrogen and one atom of oxygen.一个水分子是由P妈?f婘??妈?成的。
  • This gives us the structural formula of the molecule.这种方式给出了分子的结构式。
19 molecules 187c25e49d45ad10b2f266c1fa7a8d49     
分子( molecule的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
  • Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里,大分子裂变为小分子。
20 molecular mE9xh     
adj.分子的;克分子的
参考例句:
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
  • For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时,分子的碰撞就停止了。
21 collapse aWvyE     
vi.累倒;昏倒;倒塌;塌陷
参考例句:
  • The country's economy is on the verge of collapse.国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。
  • The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge's collapse.工程师对桥的倒塌做了一次彻底的调查分析。
22 physically iNix5     
adj.物质上,体格上,身体上,按自然规律
参考例句:
  • He was out of sorts physically,as well as disordered mentally.他浑身不舒服,心绪也很乱。
  • Every time I think about it I feel physically sick.一想起那件事我就感到极恶心。
23 remains 1kMzTy     
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹
参考例句:
  • He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
  • The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。
24 embryo upAxt     
n.胚胎,萌芽的事物
参考例句:
  • They are engaging in an embryo research.他们正在进行一项胚胎研究。
  • The project was barely in embryo.该计划只是个雏形。
25 tumour tumour     
n.(tumor)(肿)瘤,肿块
参考例句:
  • The surgeons operated on her for a tumour.外科医生为她施行了肿瘤切除手术。
  • The tumour constricts the nerves.肿瘤压迫神经。
26 benign 2t2zw     
adj.善良的,慈祥的;良性的,无危险的
参考例句:
  • The benign weather brought North America a bumper crop.温和的气候给北美带来大丰收。
  • Martha is a benign old lady.玛莎是个仁慈的老妇人。
27 malignant Z89zY     
adj.恶性的,致命的;恶意的,恶毒的
参考例句:
  • Alexander got a malignant slander.亚历山大受到恶意的诽谤。
  • He started to his feet with a malignant glance at Winston.他爬了起来,不高兴地看了温斯顿一眼。
28 enamel jZ4zF     
n.珐琅,搪瓷,瓷釉;(牙齿的)珐琅质
参考例句:
  • I chipped the enamel on my front tooth when I fell over.我跌倒时门牙的珐琅质碰碎了。
  • He collected coloured enamel bowls from Yugoslavia.他藏有来自南斯拉夫的彩色搪瓷碗。
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