Conventional wisdom has long held that corals -- whose calcium-carbonate skeletons form the foundation of coral reefs -- are passive organisms that rely entirely¹ on ocean currents to deliver dissolved substances, such as nutrients² and oxygen. But now scientists at MIT and the Weizmann Institute of Science (WIS) in Israel have found that they are far from passive, engineering their environment to sweep water into turbulent（混乱的） patterns that greatly enhance their ability to exchange nutrients and dissolved gases with their environment. "These microenvironmental processes are not only important, but also unexpected," says Roman Stocker, an associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at MIT and senior author of a paper describing the results in the Proceedings³ of the National Academy of Sciences.

 

When the team set up their experiment with living coral in tanks in the lab, "I was expecting that this would be a smooth microworld, there would be not much action except the external flow," Stocker says. Instead, what the researchers found, by zooming⁴ in on the coral surface with powerful microscopes and high-speed video cameras, was the opposite: Within the millimeter closest to the coral surface, "it's very violent," he says.

 

It's long been known that corals have cilia（纤毛）, small threadlike appendages⁵ that can push water along the coral surface. However, these currents were previously⁶ assumed to move parallel to the coral surface, in a conveyor-belt fashion. Such smooth motion may help corals remove sediments⁷, but would have little effect on the exchange of dissolved nutrients. Now Stocker and his colleagues show that the cilia on the coral's surface are arranged in such a way as to produce strong swirls⁸ of water that draw nutrients toward the coral, while driving away potentially toxic⁹ waste products, such as excess oxygen.

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