初中英语语法:句子的种类-陈述句
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 陈述句(Declarative Sentence1

  定义:就事物依照其实在情形陈述的句子叫做陈述句。 陈述句的句末必须使用句号(Full Stop)“.”,以示句子的陈述结束。

  陈述句又分为肯定的陈述句和否定的陈述句,简称为肯定句和否定句。含否定词的句子称为否定句(Negative2 Sentence),不含否定词的句子就称为肯定句(Affirmative Sentence)。例如:
  Mr. Walker is an Englishman3.
  (华克先生是英国人。——肯定句)
  He is not an American.
  (他不是美国人。——否定句)

  简单地说,表达事物的“Yes”这一面的句子就是肯定句,“No”的一面的就叫做否定句。传统的英语入门都是先学肯定句,然后再学肯定句的反面,亦就是否定句。

  否定句的表达方式基本上有下面的两种。

  (1)使用副词否定词“not”,例如: 

  (a)be,have为主要动词,例:
  I am not a good swimmer4.
  (我不是一个游泳的好手。)
  He was5 not at home yesterday afternoon.
  (昨天下午他不在家。)
  I have not much money.
  (我没有很多钱。)
  He has not many friend here.
  (在这里他没有很多朋友。)

  解说:“be/have +not”常缩短成一词,尤其是日常谈话更是如此。例如:
  You aren't a friend of his, are you ?
  (你不是他的朋友吧,是不是?)
  He isn't my brother.
  (他不是我的兄弟。)
  I wasn't there at that time.
  (当时我没有在那儿。)
  There weren't many people at the party yesterday.
  (昨天没有很多人参加宴会。)

  “am +not”不是“amn't”,而是“aren't”或“ain't[eint]”,例如:
  I ain't ready.
  (我还没准备好。)
  I am very nice to you, aren't I?
  (我对你很不错,是不是?)

  美国人用“ain't”很随便,应该是“are not,is not,have not,has not”的地方,他们也会“ain't”一下就带过去,宜注意。

  下面例句是“have not,has not”的缩短形。例:
  I haven't a headache.
  (我没有头痛。)

  (b)be,have为助动词
  You aren't going6 to go to her birthday party, are you?
  (你不打算参加她的生日宴会,是不是?)
  It isn't raining outside.
  (外面没有在下雨。)
  She wasn't asked to speak at the meeting7.
  (她没有被请求在会上讲话。)
  I haven't done anything wrong to her.
  (他没有做对不起她的事。)
  He hasn't yet8 paid9 the money.
  (他尚未付钱。)

  be+ V -ing(进行时),be +P.P.(过去分词)(被动词态),have(has,had10)+P.P.(完成时)等的“be,have(has,had)”皆为助动词。例1的“be going to …”在学校文法中也常被视为助动词。

  (c)“助动词+V”时

  动词带有助动词“will,shall,can,may,must,need,dare,ought11 to,used to,had better”等时,将“not”置于助动词与主要动词之间。例如:

  I will not do it again.
  I won't do it again.
  (我不愿意再做这种事。)
  The old man cannot find his way home.
  (那个老人找不到回家的路。)
  I couldn't sleep last night.
  (昨夜我无法入睡。)
  You ought not to swim in the river.
  (你不应该在河里游泳。)
  You had better not tell her everything.
  (你最好不要样样事情都告诉她。)

  注:“can”的否定形式是“cannot / can't”,不可写成“can not /cann't”。

  (d)使用助动词“do”的否定句

  一般动词的否定句通常使用助动词“do”,句式如下:do(does, did12)+not + V(原形动词),例:

  I don't know her very well.
  (我并不很了解她。)
  He doesn't like Chinese tea very much.
  (他并不很喜欢中国茶。)
  She didn't come to school this morning.
  (今天早上她没有来上学。)
  Don't believe13 him.
  (不要相信他的话。)

  注:“have”表达“有”以外的意义时,其否定句通常使用助动词“do”,例如:
  Usually I don't have (=eat) breakfast on Sunday morning.
  (通常星期天早上我不吃早餐。)
  She doesn't have (=drink) coffee for breakfast.
  (她不把咖啡充作早餐喝。)
  We didn't have (=enjoy) a good time there yesterday.
  (昨天我们在那里玩得不愉快。)

  不过美式英语“have”作“有”的意义使用时也如一般动词使用助动词“do”,例如:
  I don't have brothers.
  (我没有兄弟。)
  We didn't have time enough to finish the work.
  (我们当时没有足够的时间完成那件工作。)

  (2)使用“not”以外的否定词: 

  (a)副词:never,seldom14,hardly,little,neither等,例:
  She never comes to school late.
  (他上学从不迟到。)
  She seldom comes to see me.
  (她不常来看我。)

  (b)形容词:no,few15,little等,例:
  I have no brothers.(=I don't have brothers.)
  (我没有兄弟。)
  He has few friends in Hong Kong.
  (他在香港几乎没有朋友。)

  (c)代词:nothing,nobody16,none等,例:
  I know nothing about computer.
  (对于电脑我一窍不通。)
  I found17 nobody about computer.
  (在那栋房子里我没看到任何人。)

  注:

  1.有些文法书认为“Not +V”为句子否定法,是否定句,而“no +n.或如nothing等”为单词否定法,不宜称为否定句。例如:
  He doesn't have brother.(否定句)
  He has no brothers.(单词否定,但应视为肯定句,因为谓语动词是肯定。)

  请注意下面两句的意义上的区别:
  He doesn't have a breakfast.
  He has not a breakfast.
  (他不吃早餐。——否定句)
  He has no breakfast.
  (他没有早餐可吃。——单词否定,肯定句)

  2.否定也可以借用前缀或后缀来表达,例如:
  He is honest18.
  (他是诚实的。)
  He is dishonest19.(=He in not honest.)
  (他不诚实。)
  They have children.
  (他们有小孩。)
  They are childless.(=The don't have children.)
  (他们没有小孩。)

  练习:

  Ⅰ.请把下列各句改为否定句。

  1.Amy is the best student in my class.
  2.Jim has a lot of stamps.
  3.John studies very hard this semester20.
  4.Bill21 broke22 the glass yesterday.
  5.Did he write you a letter last week?
  6.Open the window, Peter.
  7.We had a walk after dinner yesterday.

  Ⅱ.请把下列各句改为肯定句。

  1.She doesn't have to go to school today.
  2.My father doesn't go to his office by bus.
  3.I didn't see him yesterday.
  4.Mr. Smith won't teach us next year.
  5.You need not do it today.
  6.She cannot run very last.
  7.She doesn't wash her clothes herself23.

 



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1 sentence szCwb     
n.句子;判决,宣判 vt.宣判,判决
参考例句:
  • It is a simple sentence.这是个简单句。
  • This is the first sentence. 这是第一句话。
2 negative H5azu     
adj.否定的;消极的;负面的
参考例句:
  • He gave us a negative answer.他给了我们一个否定的回答。
  • I think the film has some negative effect.我认为这电影有一些消极影响。
3 Englishman Dp9xR     
n.(pl.Englishmen)英国人;英国男人
参考例句:
  • I was astonished that he was not an Englishman.我很惊讶,他竟不是英国人。
  • She stared thoughtfully at the Englishman across the table.她若有所思地盯着桌子对面的那个英国人。
4 swimmer agwzzu     
n.游泳者
参考例句:
  • He is not a good swimmer.他不是一个棒游泳者。
  • Bill is both a good swimmer and a good cook.比尔不仅是个游泳好手,而且是个烹调能手。
5 was bglwv     
v.(is,am的过去式)是,在
参考例句:
  • He said he was right.他说他是正确的。
  • He was cold and hungry.他又冷又饿。
6 going dsHzY9     
n.去,离去,地面(或道路)的状况,工作情况;(复数形式)goings: 行为;adj.进行中的,流行的,现存的
参考例句:
  • We're going to listen to a report this afternoon. 今天下午我们要去听报告。
  • He hates leaving the office and going on holiday.他不愿离开办公室去度假。
7 meeting MowzDB     
n.会议;集会
参考例句:
  • Will you be at the meeting?你会来开会吗?
  • We would like to hold the meeting at an early date.我们希望早日举行这次会议。
8 yet TVOzu     
adv.还,仍然,即刻;conj.尽管,然而
参考例句:
  • I am not ready yet.我还没有准备好。
  • Beautiful as she is,she didn't find a boyfriend yet.尽管她很漂亮,但还没找到男朋友呢。
9 paid 7KYx6     
adj.有报酬的;领取报酬的;领钱的;付费的v.付给( pay的过去式);付款;有利可图;(对…)有利
参考例句:
  • You can be paid in cash weekly or by cheque monthly; those are the two alternatives. 你的工资可以按周以现金支取,或按月以支票支取。二者可选其一。
  • My salary is paid directly into my bank. 我的工资直接拨到我的银行。
10 had FeBxb     
vbl.have的过去式和过去分词;conj.有
参考例句:
  • I just had a good idea!我有个好主意!
  • The boy had a small branch of a tree in his hand.这个男孩手上拿一条小树枝。
11 ought XJKx4     
v.aux.应该,大概;n.责任
参考例句:
  • Ought I to hand in the homework today?我应当在今天交上作业吗?
  • They ought to be here by now.他们这个时候该到了。
12 did SvwxP     
v.动词do的过去式
参考例句:
  • How many goals did you score in the last game?上一场比赛你们进了几个球?
  • Why did you choose basketball in the first place?你为何首先选择篮球呢?
13 believe zQNy5     
v.相信;认为
参考例句:
  • Believe it or not,that's the way it is.信不信由你,反正事情就是这样。
  • I believe what you say.我相信你的话。
14 seldom oZrxW     
adv.很少,不常
参考例句:
  • Lazy people seldom succeed.懒惰的人很少会成功。
  • On Sundays,he seldom stays in the house.星期天他很少待在房子里。
15 few kk0x2     
adj.很少的,不多的,少数的;int.少数的
参考例句:
  • There are few woods in that area.那个地区几乎没有森林。
  • I have a few questions.我有些问题要问你。
16 nobody TGcxW     
pron.无人,没有任何人
参考例句:
  • Nobody is in the house.没有人在房子里。
  • Nobody knows where she lives.没有人知道她住哪里。
17 found 8i5xD     
v.建立,创立,创办;vbl.(find的过去分词)找到
参考例句:
  • I found him at home.我发现他在家。
  • The United Nations was found in 1945.联合国于1945年成立。
18 honest ccrxd     
adj.诚实的;真诚的
参考例句:
  • He was very honest to tell me his story.他十分坦率地给我讲了他的故事。
  • He has an honest face.他有一张诚实坦率的脸。
19 dishonest Auoz75     
adj.不老实,不诚实的
参考例句:
  • Never keep company with dishonest persons.不要与不诚实的人打交道。
  • The girl lost her place because she was dishonest.这姑娘不老实,失去了职位。
20 semester XDJzN     
n.一学期,半学年,六个月的时间
参考例句:
  • A student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester.每个学生一学期可能要修四五门课程。
  • I had an especially rough time during my first semester.我第一个学期的日子难受极了。
21 bill MdAy2     
(Bill)比尔(男名);n.帐单,钞票,票据,清单;议案,法案;广告;鸟嘴,喙;vt.开帐单,用海报宣传,把...列成表
参考例句:
  • Bill is both a good swimmer and a good cook.比尔不仅是个游泳好手,而且是个烹调能手。
  • It will save trouble if you pay the bill now.如果你现在付账就没事了。
22 broke gSUyi     
v.(动词break的过去式)折断;打破
参考例句:
  • He dropped his glass on the floor and broke it.他把玻璃杯掉到地板上打碎了。
  • After a long silence, she broke into a laugh.她沉默了很久之后,忽然笑了起来。
23 herself cdTxA     
pron.她自己
参考例句:
  • The little girl wrote the letter all by herself. 这小女孩自己写了这封信。
  • She should do her homework herself.她应该自己做作业。
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