56．Weather is a product of many pLysical factors operating in and on the troposphere with the　principal ones being the unequal heating of the earth's surface by the sun and the rather rapid rota　tion of the planet on its axis¹．

　　天气是许多自然因素在对流层中起作用并对其施加影响的结果，其中太阳对地球表面加热不均等和地球自转比较快则是主要的因素。(with引导的复合结构作定语，用来修饰factors，ones代替factors。)

　　57．It is the village which suffers most，for it is not easy to break the traditional bonds uniting agriculturist families to families of craftsmen，nor to dispel² the idea that some one who follows the　traditional calling of this caste is acting³ in a more“suitable"　way than some one who takes up a different occupation．

　　乡村受害最大，因为从事农业家庭与从事手工业家庭的传统结合是很难分割的。此外，一些人认为一个人遵照等级制度的传统职业来办事要比从事不同的职业更为"合适”，这种想法也很难去掉。　(his．．．which为强调句型，强调主语the village．原句是简单句，The village　suffers most．for是连词，“因为”。uniting．．．to，“把……与……连接”，是分词短语作定语修饰bonds。nor连词，连接两个并列成分，把to break．．．和to dispel．．．两个不定式短语连接起 来。that．．．occupation为同位语从句，用来揭示idea的概念内涵。calling意为“职业”，与occupation相呼应。ina．．．way，“以……方式”。)

　　58．Forging and press-production methods of shaping metal are of tremendous importance in machine-building in general，and in automobile⁴ and tractor industry in particular．

　　金属成形的锻压加工方法，一般在机器制造业、特别是在汽车和拖拉机工业中具有重大意义.(be of...“具有”。in general，“通常”；in particular，“特别”，这两个短语介词在句中作插入语用。)

　　59．In fact, in the nineteeth century people used to make gardens in the shape of aclock face，with different flowers opening at different times．

在19世纪，人们常常把花园做成钟盘形，不同的花在不同的时间开放。　(with引导的复合结构有定语的意味，用来对the shape of a clock进行修饰。)

　60．The modern scientific method Was born with Galileo in the 17th century；however，the development of the natural sciences began to gain speed only in the latter part of the 18th and the early part of the 19th centuries．

　　现代科学方法产生于17世纪的伽利略时代；然而，只是在18世纪后期和19世纪初期，自然科学才开始迅速发展。(with Galileo．．．century有表示时间与空间范围之意，这里是表示时间即伽利略时代。)

　　61．All of the atoms of an element contain the same number of protons in their muclei，　and the atoms of one element differ from those of all other elements in the number of protons so contained．

　　同一种元素的所有原子的原子核中含有的质子数都是相同的，而一种元素的原子与其他一切元素的原子的不同点，就在于它们含有的质子数不同。(AdiffersfromBinC．A与B在C方面是不同的。句中in the number．．．是differ要求的。)

　　62．The kinds of evidence for the roundness of the world that led finally to its general accep　tance included such data as the shape of the shadow of the earth on the moon during an eclipse of the　moon，the fact that as one sails from port on a ship the building of the port gradually seem to sink　below the surface of the water，and，most convincing，the fact that it is possible to sail all around　the world and return to the starting point of the voyage．

　　最终为人们普遍接受的有关地球是圆形的种种论据，包括：月蚀时地球投在月球表面的阴影形状；当人们乘船离开港口时，港口的建筑物似乎逐渐沉入水下；而最令人信服的是，人们环绕地球航行时，有可能又回到原来的起航点。(The kinds为主句中的主语，谓语是included。

介词as引导三个并列同位语：shape，the fact，the fact，说明data。在两个fact后的that都引出同位语从句。)

　　63．The technological⁵ breakthrough and the lndustrial Revolution brought with them a mastery of food production and control of infectious disease that reduced the normal death-rate to below 1.5 per cent．

技术革新和工业革命促进了食品生产，控制了传染病的流行，这使人口正常死亡率降到1.5％以下。(to below是双重介词，reduce．．．tobelow，“降到……以下”。)　　

　　64．There are a few specially⁶ designed homes that are heated primarily by the sun but there is no practical and economic means for converting solar energy directly into that great convenience，electricity．

　　现在已有一些专门设计的住宅主要利用太阳能取暖，但还没有一种实用和经济的办法把太阳能直接转化为便于使用的电能。(介词短语for．．．electridty用来修饰means。，oonverting．．．into，“把……转化为……”。)

　　65．A balance consists of an arlTl balanced at its middle，　with known weights hung on one hand and the object whose weight is to be found on the other．

　　天平由一个在中央平衡的臂组成，已知重量的砝码挂在平衡臂的一端，而把要称出重量的物体挂在平衡臂的另一端。　(分词短语balanced at its middle用来修饰arm。with...weights hung…是介词复合结构，用来对balance作补充说明，过去分词known作定语，修饰weights。hung是hang的过去分词。)