1.改变词类Conversion。英语一个词能充当的句子成分较少，充当不同成分时常常要改变词类。Insulin　is　used　in　the　treatment　of　diabetes².This  issue　is　of　paramount³　importance.Rationing⁴　by　points　is　over　and　rationing　by　the　purse　is　in.Oceanography　has　been　defined　as　“The　application　of　all　sciences　to　the　study　of　the　sea”.　1990.　1?

　　2.　选词用字Diction。Before　Hugo　could　protest?　he　and　the　others　were　led　away.　(抗议-分辩)Put　a　teaspoonful⁵　of　tea　in　the　pot　and　then　you　just　add　the　boiling　water　to　it　and　let　it　stand.　(稍等片刻再喝)It"s　a　crime　you　didn"t　finish　school.　(憾事)

　　3.词序调整Inversion。一个句子中词和分句的顺序，英汉两种语言往往不同。如表示时间和地点，英语常常是先小后大，而汉语是先大后小。His　address　is　3612　Market　Street?　Philadelphia?　PA　19001?USA.Don"t　hesitate　to　come　when　you　need　help.black　and　white　TV?iron　and　steel　company

　　4.省略Omission。You　cannot　build　a　ship?　a　bridge　or　a　house　if　you　don"t　know　how　to　make　a　design　or　how　to　read　it.It　took　him　a　long　time　to　reach　the　bottom　and　to　couch　behind　a　little　dwarf⁸　palm.　

　　5.增词Amplification。英语中没有量词，助词，翻译时应根据上下文的需要予以增加。有些英语的不及物动词必须增加宾语意思才完整。I　could　knit　when　I　was　seven.　Without　a　sense　of　your　fault?　how　can　repentance¹⁰　and　amendment¹¹　be　expected﹖　如果Walking　past　the　Garden　of　Eden?Adam’s　son　asked　his　father?　“Who　owns　that　large　estate﹖”“That"s　where　your　mother　and　I　used　to　live”　replied　Adam?“before　she　ate　us　out　of　house　and　home.”

　　6.重复Repetition?。Practically　every　river　has　an　upper?　a　middle　and　a　lower　part.　上游，中游，下游If　an　atom　contains　three　protons?　it　must　have　three　electrons　to　be　electrically　neutral.

　　7.正译反译法Negation¹²?The　Organization　has　not?　so　far?　justified¹³　the　hopes　which　the　people　set　on　it.　(辜负)Suddenly　he　heard　a　sound　behind　him?　and　realized　he　was　not　alone　in　the　garage.　(还有别人)If　a　patient　at　Beth　Israel　is　not　responding　to　treatment?　it　is　not　uncommon¹⁴　for　his　nurse　to　propose　another　approach　to　his　doctor.　1993.　1?

　　8.分译法Division?。英语长句多，为了符合汉语表达习惯，可将英语长句拆成短句。It　was　a　real　challenge　that　those　who　had　learned　from　us　now　excelled　us.　It　has　been　rightly　stated　that　this　situation　is　a　threat　to　international　security.Because　they　tremble　at　the　thought　of　being　seen　in　public　in　clothes　that　are　out　of　fashion?　they　are　always　taken　advantage　of　by　the　designers　and　the　big　stores.　1993.　6?

　　9.常见短语和重要句型的翻译

1)It　goes　without　saying　that…不言而喻的是……

2)It　is　common　knowledge　that…众所周知的是……

3)It　occurs　to　me　that…我突然想起

4)It　is　not　that...but　that…并不是说……而是说

5）某些含蓄否定的翻译　Plants　which　refine　crude　ores　are　often　located　in　countries　other　than　those　in　which　the　crude　ores　are　mined.　　提炼矿石的工厂通常不是设在开采矿石的国家，而是设在其它国家。

6)more...than...与其说……不如说……She　is　more　like　his　mother　than　like　his　teacher.

7)no　more...than...和……一样都不There　is　no　reason　they　should　limit　how　much　vitamin　you　take?　any　more　than　they　can　limit　how　much　water　you　drink.　他们没有理由限制你服用多少维生素，就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。8)not...all...?　all　is...not...并不是……都……All　that　glitters　is　not　gold.Both　of　the　books　are　not　helpful.　Everyone　doesn"t　want　to　go　to　the　concert.

9)cannot...too...无论……也不过分We　can"t　praise　him　too　much.

10)much　less?　still　less?　to　say　nothing　of?　not　to　mention?　let　alone更不用说He　knows　little　of　mathematics?　and　still　less　of　chemistry.In　old　China?　there　was　hardly　any　machine-building　industry?　to　say　nothing　of　an　electronic　industry.All　they　have　to　do　is　to　press　a　button?　and　they　can　see　plays?　films?　operas　and　shows　of　every　kind?　not　to　mention　political　discussions　and　the　latest　exciting　football　match.

11)so...that...如此……以至于And　home　appliances　will　also　become　so　smart　that　controlling　and　operating　them　will　result　in　the　breakout　of　a　new　psychological　disorder-kitchen　rage.　　

12)?　not　so　much...as...与其说……不如说……Science　moves　forward?　they　say?　not　so　much　through　the　insights　of　great　men　of　genius　as　because　of　more　ordinary　things　like　improved　techniques　and　tools.　　

13) not...because...(否定转移)并不是因为……The　police　didn"t　arrest　me　because　I　committed　any　crime.　They　said　I　was　wandering　on　the　street　with　the　intent　of　committing　an　arrestable　offense¹⁵.

14) anything...but...一点也不，决不　nothing...but...就是，仅仅，but　for...要不是……The　method　of　scientific　investigation¹⁶　is　nothing　but　the　expression　of　the　necessary　mode　of　working　of　the　human　mind?　it　is　simply　the　mode　by　which　all　phenomena¹⁷　are　reasoned　about　and　given　precise　and　exact　explanations.　Alone　in　a　deserted¹⁸　house?　he　was　so　busy　with　his　research　work　that　he　felt　anything　but　lonely.　　But　for　your　timely　help?　we　couldn"t　have　finished　the　work　on　time.

15)as特殊状语从句，译为定语从句　″In　short″?　a　leader　of　the　new　school　contends?　″the　scientific　revolution?　as　we　call　it?　was　largely　the　improvement　and　invention　and　use　of　a　series　of　instruments　that　expanded　the　reach　of　science　in　innumerable　directions.″　　

16) what　is　called...所谓的，所说的……(东西)One　difficulty　is　that　almost　all　of　what　is　called　behavioral　science　continues　to　trace　behavior　to　states　of　mind?　feelings?　traits　of　character?　human　nature　and　so　on.　　17)such...as...诸如……Whether　to　use　tests?　other　kinds　of　information?　or　both　in　a　particular　situation　depends?　therefore?　upon　the　evidence　from　experience　concerning　comparative　validity　and　upon　such　factors　as　cost　and　availability.　　

18)not...not...双重否定，可依情况译为没有……不……，或每一个……，都……10.注意英语惯用法，俚语和俗语的翻译。Mr.　Wilson　talks　a　lot?　but　Mrs.　Wilson　wears　the　trousers　in　their　house.It　seems　to　me　what　is　sauce　for　the　goose　is　sauce　for　the　gander公鹅?.I　hope　she　will　always　feel　like　a　daughter　of　America?　and　not　like　a　stepchild.It"s　a　lot　easier　to　get　in　the　hole　than　to　get　out　again.