“金融救市”怎么说
文章来源: 文章作者: 发布时间:2009-04-10 06:22 字体: [ ]  进入论坛
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)

    最近以来,由于数十年不遇的最严重的金融危机并引发全球金融风暴,美国政府在很短时间内提出了一项总额高达7000亿美元的救市计划,试图以手术的方式,将次级抵押贷款及其衍生品从美国整体经济中切割出来,由美国政府来承担次贷损失,以此来阻断美国金融系统的多米诺骨牌效应,防止次贷危机继续通过金融系统向美国经济的其它部分扩散。然而,9月29日美国国会众议院以228票对205票的投票结果,否决了布什政府提出的金融救援方案。短短两天过后,美国救市方案当地时间10月1日晚间提交参议院投票表决,最终以74票赞成,25票反对获得通过。随后,美国众议院在北京时间10月4日凌晨1点25分结束的表决中以263票对171票的投票结果通过了经过修改的大规模金融救援方案,布什总统随即签署使之生效。

        从酝酿救市,到提出方案,到国会否决,再到国会表决通过,一时间,"金融救市"成为了新闻焦点,也成为了一个热门词汇。那么,“金融救市”在英语中该怎么说呢?

        金融救市,简单地说就是美国政府的金融救援行动,英语中的对应表达为financial(industry) rescue或financial sector1 rescue, 金融救援计划就叫做financial (industry/sector)rescue plan或 financial markets rescue plan或rescue plan for the financial sector/industry,美国政府提交国会表决的金融救援方案叫做financial (industry/sector) rescue bill。2008年10月1日美联社的一篇相关报道的导语是这样的:WASHINGTON - Two House leaders said Wednesday headway is being made toward getting the $700 billion financial industry rescue bill through Congress, thanks partly to a provision increasing insurance for people's deposits. 新华社10月1日的英文报道也这么写道:U.S. Senate to vote on financial rescue plan on Wednesday。

        但是,在铺天盖地的关于美国政府金融救市的新闻报道中还出现了另外一个高频率词汇bailout,如以下新闻标题:

        1. Wall Street suffers as Congress vetoes bailout plan(AP,Sep 30)

        2. Defiant3 House Rejects Huge Bailout; Next Step Is Uncertain(The New York Times, Sep 30)

        3. Bush warns of 'painful' consequences if bailout rejected(The Los Angeles Times, Sep 30)

        4. European, Asian markets improve on US bailout hope(AP,Oct.1)

        5. Oil rises to $101 on bailout plan hopes(AP,Oct.1)

       又如以下新闻导语:

        1. After a breakthrough on a $700 billion Wall Street bailout, lawmakers and Bush administration now must settle the final details on a rescue intended to keep credit flowing and avert4 a crippling recession.

        2. US Treasury5 Secretary Henry Paulson and leading lawmakers early Sunday reported "great progress toward" reaching an unprecedented6 700-billion-dollar Wall Street bailout plan before markets reopen, saying the accord would likely be finalized7 later in the day.

        又如,美国国会2008年9月29日否决了布什政府的金融救援方案之后,美国媒体就报道说,Senate to Vote Today on the Bailout Plan。

        “金融救市”为何又被称为bailout呢?在常见用法中表达为“保释金”的bail怎么会与“金融救市”有关呢?在此,我们不妨借此机会熟悉一下bail这个词的用法。

    在美国英语中,bail通常都是与犯罪案件的新闻报道联系在一起的,因为它通常表示警方在拘捕犯罪嫌疑人或囚禁犯人之后同意疑犯以交纳保释金(paid)的方式获释,通常适用于罪行不很严重的犯人。当它作名词时,通常用于release somebody on bail2/grant somebody bail(=let somebody out of prison when the bail is paid)。如:She was released on bail of $5000.她在交纳了5000美元保释金后获释。另一常见用法为be on bail(=be waiting for trial after bail is paid),即在交纳保释金后等待受审,在保释期。

    在新闻报道中,上述用法十分普遍,如:

    1. An former Iranian police commander detained for on accusations8 of "immorality” has been released on bail after spending around five months behind bars.

    2. Novato thief stole jewelry9 to post bail, police say.

    3. Police arrested him on Thursday, accusing him of taking part in a marijuana grow -op drug ring. Yesterday a court released him on $50000 bail

    4. Webbie has posted $25000 bail after his arrest in Mississippi, stemming from a high-speed car chase with ….

    5. Court orders man who beat girlfriend to post $1500 bail.

    当bail用作动词时,常用bail out这个短语动词,如Clarke’s father bailed10 him out after paying $5000/Clarke’s father paid $5000 to bail him out(克拉克的父亲交纳了5000美元保释他出来。)

    除了上述意思,bail out还可以表示“(提供经费)帮助……摆脱困境”,如You cannot expect taxpayers11 to bail out the car industry indefinitely.(你不能指望纳税人无限期地帮助汽车工业摆脱困境。)很显然,正是这个意思使得bail out与当前的金融救市联系在了一起,如the government uses fiscal12 resources to bail out Fannie and Freddie(政府动用金融资源帮助房利美和房地美摆脱困境)。除了语义上的含义明确,美国的新闻报道习惯使用一些短小精悍的短语动词也在这里得到了充分体现。根据英语词汇学原理,短语动词大多可以通过左右自然合成或者右左逆向合成来组合成一个合成名词,于是便有了bailout这个名词,该单词早就被英语词典收录为词条,如《朗曼当代高级英语词典》对此的解释是:(非正式)紧急财政援助。The directorates were hoping for a government bailout to save the company(董事们都希望政府能出资援助,以解公司燃眉之急。)最新的例证是,雷曼兄弟破产之际,美国政府拒绝施救,于是就有了如下新闻报道标题:Paulson says Lehman bailout was never an option,即“美国财长保尔森表示政府从未考虑过救援雷曼兄弟”。上述表态的背景是,2008年9月12日,保尔森公开表示,美国政府不会浪费纳税人的税款拯救雷曼兄弟。在具体情况中,bailout前面可能会出现一些具体的前置修饰词语,如financial industry/sector bailout,而此次美国政府的7000亿美元救市行动就叫做$700 billion bailout for the financial industry。

    著名网络百科词典维基百科(Wikipedia)称,bailout是经济学中的一个常见术语并解释如下:Bailout in economics and finance is a term used to describe a situation where a bankrupt or nearly bankrupt entity13, such as a corporation or a bank, is given a fresh injection of liquidity14, in order to meet its short term obligations. Often bailouts are by governments, or by consortia of investors15 who demand control over the entity as the price for injecting funds. 由此可见,所谓bailout指的是企业或者银行在面临倒闭的情况下,由政府或投资财团提供短期资金注入以助其度过难关的情况,是为“救援”。如近期的一篇美联社新闻报道中有这么两段话:But rebel Republicans instead drafted an alternative plan, calling for an expanded insurance system financed by banks to rescue individual home mortgages, so taxpayers do not have to fund the bailout.

    The proposed bailout, first rushed to Capitol Hill by Paulson as a three-page proposal, has now ballooned into a document of more than 100 pages, CNN reported.

    在此次大规模金融救市行动之前,美国政府已经采取过不少针对企业的金融救援行动,如2008年9月16日晚,美联储宣布已授权纽约联邦储备银行向陷于破产边缘的世界保险和金融服务的领导者,同时也是全球首屈一指的国际性保险服务机构美国国际集团(AIG)提供最多850亿美元的紧急贷款,并获得AIG 79.9%的股东权益。美国媒体的新闻报道如下:The government announced an $85 billion bailout of the huge insurer AIG in a bid to avoid further market upheaval16.在美国政府准备“出手”救助深陷危机的两大房贷融资机构房利美和房地美时,美国媒体也有如下报道:US Treasury to bail out Fannie Mae, Freddie。

    由此看来,bailout既是美国新闻报道所偏爱的一个词汇(相对来说financial rescue显得很正式),它也是一个地道的英语词汇,同时还是经济学中的一个专门说法。与subprime (次贷)为临时造词不同,bailout早就存在并已被词典收录为词条,只是过去我们对它不太熟悉。现在,虽然席卷全球的金融危机并不是我们所喜欢的,但是,通过阅读英语新闻报道,我们获得了一个不错的机会,学习到了bailout这样一个地道而又充满活力的词汇。



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 sector yjczYn     
n.部门,部分;防御地段,防区;扇形
参考例句:
  • The export sector will aid the economic recovery. 出口产业将促进经济复苏。
  • The enemy have attacked the British sector.敌人已进攻英国防区。
2 bail Aupz4     
v.舀(水),保释;n.保证金,保释,保释人
参考例句:
  • One of the prisoner's friends offered to bail him out.犯人的一个朋友答应保释他出来。
  • She has been granted conditional bail.她被准予有条件保释。
3 defiant 6muzw     
adj.无礼的,挑战的
参考例句:
  • With a last defiant gesture,they sang a revolutionary song as they were led away to prison.他们被带走投入监狱时,仍以最后的反抗姿态唱起了一支革命歌曲。
  • He assumed a defiant attitude toward his employer.他对雇主采取挑衅的态度。
4 avert 7u4zj     
v.防止,避免;转移(目光、注意力等)
参考例句:
  • He managed to avert suspicion.他设法避嫌。
  • I would do what I could to avert it.我会尽力去避免发生这种情况。
5 treasury 7GeyP     
n.宝库;国库,金库;文库
参考例句:
  • The Treasury was opposed in principle to the proposals.财政部原则上反对这些提案。
  • This book is a treasury of useful information.这本书是有价值的信息宝库。
6 unprecedented 7gSyJ     
adj.无前例的,新奇的
参考例句:
  • The air crash caused an unprecedented number of deaths.这次空难的死亡人数是空前的。
  • A flood of this sort is really unprecedented.这样大的洪水真是十年九不遇。
7 finalized 73d0ccbca69b94ee4cd7fc367a8ac9fc     
vt.完成(finalize的过去式与过去分词形式)
参考例句:
  • The draft of this article has been finalized [done]. 这篇文章已经定稿。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • The draft was revised several times before it was finalized. 稿子几经删改才定下来。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
8 accusations 3e7158a2ffc2cb3d02e77822c38c959b     
n.指责( accusation的名词复数 );指控;控告;(被告发、控告的)罪名
参考例句:
  • There were accusations of plagiarism. 曾有过关于剽窃的指控。
  • He remained unruffled by their accusations. 对于他们的指控他处之泰然。
9 jewelry 0auz1     
n.(jewllery)(总称)珠宝
参考例句:
  • The burglars walked off with all my jewelry.夜盗偷走了我的全部珠宝。
  • Jewelry and lace are mostly feminine belongings.珠宝和花边多数是女性用品。
10 bailed 9d10cc72ad9f0a9c9f58e936ec537563     
保释,帮助脱离困境( bail的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Fortunately the pilot bailed out before the plane crashed. 飞机坠毁之前,驾驶员幸运地跳伞了。
  • Some water had been shipped and the cook bailed it out. 船里进了些水,厨师把水舀了出去。
11 taxpayers 8fa061caeafce8edc9456e95d19c84b4     
纳税人,纳税的机构( taxpayer的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Finance for education comes from taxpayers. 教育经费来自纳税人。
  • She was declaiming against the waste of the taxpayers' money. 她慷慨陈词猛烈抨击对纳税人金钱的浪费。
12 fiscal agbzf     
adj.财政的,会计的,国库的,国库岁入的
参考例句:
  • The increase of taxation is an important fiscal policy.增税是一项重要的财政政策。
  • The government has two basic strategies of fiscal policy available.政府有两个可行的财政政策基本战略。
13 entity vo8xl     
n.实体,独立存在体,实际存在物
参考例句:
  • The country is no longer one political entity.这个国家不再是一个统一的政治实体了。
  • As a separate legal entity,the corporation must pay taxes.作为一个独立的法律实体,公司必须纳税。
14 liquidity VRXzb     
n.流动性,偿债能力,流动资产
参考例句:
  • The bank has progressively increased its liquidity.银行逐渐地增加其流动资产。
  • The demand for and the supply of credit is closely linked to changes in liquidity.信用的供求和流动资金的变化有密切关系。
15 investors dffc64354445b947454450e472276b99     
n.投资者,出资者( investor的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • a con man who bilked investors out of millions of dollars 诈取投资者几百万元的骗子
  • a cash bonanza for investors 投资者的赚钱机会
16 upheaval Tp6y1     
n.胀起,(地壳)的隆起;剧变,动乱
参考例句:
  • It was faced with the greatest social upheaval since World War Ⅱ.它面临第二次世界大战以来最大的社会动乱。
  • The country has been thrown into an upheaval.这个国家已经陷入动乱之中。
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