141. Though most dictionary have a system of making words as obsolete¹, or in use only as slang, many people, more especially if their use of a particular word has been challenged, are likely to conclude, if they find it in a dictionary, that it is accepted as being used by writers of established reputation.

    142. People can be relatively² rich only if others are relatively poor, and since power is concentrated in the hands of the rich, public policies will continue to reflect their interests rather than those of the poor.

    143. Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways.
144. In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser³ extent, Notions of male superiority are hard to maintain.

    145. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully⁴ for participation⁵ in a world characterized by co-operation rather than by the “battle of the sexes.”

    146. The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family, needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.

    147. Besides serving the indefinite needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which some of important works in science, technology, and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers.

    148. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively⁶ sound than someone who has not had an active mind.

    149. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward.

    150. Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs, yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed.

    151. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage –--a person may feel perfectly⁷ well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of deformed⁸ (畸形) children or even grandchildren.

    152. In the end , only 7 out of 19 regular Cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all for trails. The diet-Cola drinkers did a little worse – only 7 of 27 identified all four sample correctly.

153. Taste is such a subjective⁹ matter that we don’t usually conduct preference tests for food.

    154. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting¹⁰ on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.

    155. But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the orgainism and vice¹¹ versa (反之亦然).

    156. In the case of man, the difficulties with the environment concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer(持有者) of culture. 

    157. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze¹² the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as “cultural”, which modify the physical and biological factors.

    158. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.

    159. Unaware¹³ that their own ability has developed through the years, they assume the new generation of young people must be hopeless in this respect. 

    160 Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generation phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar¹⁴ to today's young people, it natrually follows that today's English teachers cannot be doing their jobs.

 

    第八部分（141-160句译文）

    141、尽管许多字典将有些词汇定义为“过时”或者说“只作口语用”，但许多人对某些词汇的用法不解时，当他们查完字典，却往往发现许多知名作家也在作品中正式使用。

    142、人们只能是相对富裕，而另一些人就相对贫穷了。既然权力是集中在富人的手中，公共政策就将继续反应他们的利益而不是穷人的利益了。

    143、社会变化在有多种人群汇集的社会里比仅有相似人群的社会里更容易发生。 

    144、如果一个家庭里面男女的角色不是明显地分开，家务事由双方分担的话，大男子主义就很难维持了。

    145、在这样的家庭中长大的孩子们比他们的父母更容易参与到以合作为特征的社会中去，而不靠什么“性别之争”。

    146、家庭就像是一个合作式的企业一样，很难制定统一的规则，因为每个家庭都需要自己的独特的解决问题的办法。

    147、除了以英语为母语的人大量地使用英语外，很多重要的科学、技术文献也是由英语写成，而且作者不仅仅是以英语为母语的人。

    148、比起那些头脑不活跃的人来说，年轻时喜欢尽量从事更多工作的人年老后更有认识力。

    149、完美主义者倾向于为了一点小事花费比事情本身更大的代价去完成。

    150、人类自然地对于那些有明显特征的疾病有深刻的印象，然而他们最可怕的敌人往往在未被人注意时慢慢接近他们。

    151、问题是很难明确辐射的伤害—一个人可能感觉良好，但他（她）的性器官细胞可能受到损伤，而且有些直到生下畸形儿甚至是畸形孙儿才会被发现。

    152、最后，只有7/19的传统可乐爱好者正确地辨别出了他们的品牌，而低糖可乐爱好者水平更差—只有7/27的人辩出了四种混合的品牌。

    153、口味是个非常主观的问题，所以对于食物我们一般不进行偏好测试。

    154、区分周围的环境或者有机物体，以及分辨作用于有机物的影响力是生物内部的还是来自于外部环境的，看起来非常简单。

    155、但是在实际中这套系统在很多方面失败了，因为有机物和环境在不断相互作用，所以环境在不断被有机物修改，反过来也是一样。

    156、对于人类来说，环境概念的问题更加复杂。因为我们不得不把人类当为动物，又不得不把人当为文化的持有者来对待。

    157、如果我们将人类看作动物来尝试解释作用在有机物上的环境影响力的话，我们不得不处理像气候，土壤，植物和一些对于所有生物环境来说共同的因素，但我们也发现，“文化”的影响也非常重大，它可以改变物理和生物因素。

    158、所以我们很容易在对待文化的问题上陷入困境，有时候，我们将其看作人类的一部分，有时候，又作为环境的一部分。

    159、因为不了解这些你那里他们的能力已经进步了，他们认为在这个方面新一代的年轻人肯定没有希望了。

    160、既然这种关于英语语言的衰退的担忧并不被看作一个一代人的现象，而是特指对于今天的年轻人的一种新现象，所以可以很自然地认为现在的英语老师工作做得不好。

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