Time-lapse photography has shown that embryos² of smoking women develop more slowly.

缩时拍摄技术显示吸烟女性的胚胎发育非常缓慢。

French academics in an IVF clinic took regular pictures of an egg from the moment it was fertilised until it was ready to be implanted into the mother.

At all stages of development, embryos from smokers⁴ were consistently a couple of hours behind, a study showed.

The lead researcher, from Nantes University Hospital, said: "You want a baby, quit smoking".

Smoking is known to reduce the chances of having a child. It is why some hospitals in the UK ask couples to give up smoking before they are given fertility treatment.

As eggs fertilised through IVF initially⁵ develop in the laboratory before being implanted, it gave doctors a unique opportunity to film the embryos as they divide into more and more cells.

Slow start

Researchers watched 868 embryos develop - 139 from smokers.

In the clinic the embryos of non-smokers reached the five-cell stage after 49 hours. In the smokers it took 50 hours. The eight-cell stage took 62 hours in smokers' embryos, while non-smokers' embryos reached that point after 58 hours.

Senior embryologist and lead researcher, Dr Thomas Freour, told the BBC: "Embryos from smoking women, they behave slower, there is a delay in their development.

"On average it is about two hours, it is significant and nobody knew that before."

This study cannot say what impact the slower development has, or if this affected⁶ the chances of having a child.

Dr Freour speculated that "if they go slower, maybe something is starting to go wrong and they wouldn't implant³."

His advice was simple: "You should quit smoking, it couldn't be easier. What else can I say? You want a baby, quit smoking."

Dr Allan Pacey, senior lecturer in andrology at the University of Sheffield, said it was an "interesting" study which pioneered the use of new technology.

"It uses a fancy piece of equipment called an embryoscope which allows scientists to watch in real time how embryos develop without disturbing them.

"It's early days for this machine but we need trials like this to test its potential, we know our current methods of embryo¹ selection are based on what looks good down the microscope to a trained eye."

The findings were presented at the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) meeting in Turkey.