surging—— To increase suddenly. Used of electric current or voltage猛增=accelerating

    surpass—— To be or go beyond， as in degree or quality； exceed胜过=exceed， outrun

    sustain—— To keep in existence； maintain继续生存；维持=maintain

    sustenance—— Something， especially food， that sustains life or health营养物，尤指食物=fare Food and drink； diet食物和饮料

    Means of livelihood生计=livelihood

    supplement——Something added to complete a thing， make up for a deficiency， or extend or strengthen the whole补充物，用来完成某事、补充不足、扩展或加强=extension

    An addition that increases the area， influence， operation， or contents of something扩大

    supreme——Greatest in importance， degree， significance， character， or achievement最重要的=outstanding

    succinct——Characterized by clear， precise expression in few words； concise¹ and terse简明的=concise

    sufficient——Being as much as is needed充足的=adequate

    sumptuous——Of a size or splendor² suggesting great expense； lavish豪华的；花费奢侈的=luxurious

    substantial——Considerable in importance， value， degree， amount， or extent有重大价值的=considerable Worthy³ of consideration； significant重要的

    substitute——One that takes the place of another； a replacement代用品=replacement， in place of代替

    subsidize——To assist or support with a subsidy以津贴补助=finance To supply funds to给…提供资金

    subtle——So slight as to be difficult to detect or analyze⁴； elusive纤细的，细小的=slight

    submit——提出，提交=present提出；呈递

    subsidy——Monetary assistance granted by a government to a person orsgroupsin support of an enterprise regarded as being in the public interest补助金=financing融通资金

    subject to ——在……条件下；易受……的侵袭；受控制=expose to， susceptible⁵ to

    stretch——A continuous or unbroken length， area， or expanse连续不断的长度，地区或空间=span The extent or measure of space between two points or extremities⁶， as of a bridge or roof； the breadth跨度两点或两端间的空间

    strike——To engage in a strike against an employer罢工=walkout

    To come to； attain来到；到达= make contact with

    striking—— Arresting the attention and producing a vivid impression on the sight or the mind.惹人注目的=prominent Immediately noticeable； conspicuous显眼的

    stringent—— Imposing⁸ rigorous standards of performance； severe严格的=strict

    stimulus—— Something that incites⁹ or rouses to action； an incentive激发物=motivate

    strain ——To pull， draw， or stretch tight拉紧=tension The act or process of stretching something tight拉紧

    stationary—— Not capable of being moved； fixed不能被移动的；固定的=fixed， immobile

    status——Position relative to that of others； standing地位=standing

    sticky——shavingsthe property of adhering or sticking to a surface； adhesive粘的=adhere， cement

    staple—— A basic or principal element or feature主要成分，基本成分=basic element

    squirt—— To issue forth¹⁰ in a thin forceful stream or jet； spurt喷=spurt out v.喷出

    staggering—— Causing great astonishment， amazement， or dismay； overwhelming令人大为吃惊、惊讶或沮丧的；使束手无策的=overwhelming

    spur—— To incite or stimulate刺激，鞭策=stimulate

    speculate about—— To assume to be true without conclusive evidence推测=hypothesize To assert as a hypothesis假设

    spinal——Of， relating to， or situated near the spine or spinal cord； vertebral脊柱的=backbone

    spark—— To set in motion； activate发动；触发=bring about引起；致使；造成；达成

    spawn—— To give rise to； engender造成；使产生=create

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