PASSAGE 13
The First settlement in North America

　　It is very difficult to say just when colonization¹ began. The first hundred years after Christopher Columbus's journey of discovery in 1492 did not produce any settlement on the North America continent but rather some Spanish trading posts further south, a great interest in gold and adventure, and some colorful crimes in which the English had their part. John Cabot, originally from Genoa but a citizen of Venice, was established as a trader in Bristol, England, when he made a journey in 1497. But his ship, the Matthew, with its crew of eighteen, did no more than see an island (probably off the New England coast) and return home. He and his son made further voyages across the north Atlantic which enabled² the English crown³ to claim a "legal" title to North America. But for a long time afterwards the Europeans' interest in America was mainly confined⁴ to the Spanish activities further south.
　　The first beginning of permanent settlement in North America were nearly a hundred years after Columbus's first voyage. The Englishman⁵ Sir Walter Raleigh claimed the whole of North America for England, calling it Virginia. In 1585 he sent a small group of people who landed in Roanoke Island, but they stayed only for a year and then went back to England with another expedition, led by Drake, in 1587. A second group who landed in 1587 had all disappeared when a further expedition arrived in 1590.
　　The first permanent settlement in North America was in 1607. English capitalists founded two Virginia companies, a southern one based in London and a northern one based in Bristol. It was decided⁶ to give the name New England to the northern area. The first settlers in Virginia were little more than wage slaves to the company. All were men and the experiment was not very successful. Many died. Those who survived lived in miserable⁷ conditions. By 1610 the colony⁸ had only a thousand people.

1. We know for sure that colonization began at the end of the 15th century
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
2. Among the early settlers in South America in the 16th century were Spanish traders.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
3. With John Cabot's arrival at an island off the New England coast in 1497, the British Crown claimed to be the legal owner of North America.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
4. There were eighteen people on board the Matthew during its voyage to North America in 1497
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
5. The first attempt made by European people to settle down permanently⁹ in North America occurred in the 1580s
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
6. The name Virginia was given to North America by Sir Walter Raleigh
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
7. The name New England was given to the northern area of North America by the boss of one of the two Virginia companies
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

KEY: BABBAAC

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