PASSAGE 13
The Central Problem of Economics

　　The central problem of economics is to satisfy the people's and nation's wants.
　　The problem we are faced with is that our resources, here identified as money, are __1__. The only way we can resolve our problem is to make choices. After looking at our resources, we must examine our list of __2__ and identify the things we need immediately, those we can postpone¹, and __3__ we cannot afford. As individuals, we face the central problem involved in economics-deciding just how to allocate² our limited our limited resources to provide __4__ with the greatest satisfaction of our wants.
　　Nations face the same problem. As a country's population ___5__, the need for more goods and services grows correspondingly. Resources necessary to production may increase, but there __6__ are enough resources to satisfy the total desires of a nation. Whether the budget meeting is taking place in the family living room, in the conference room of the corporation __7__ of directors, or in the chamber³ of the House of Representatives in Washington, the basic problem still exists. We need to find __8__ of allocating⁴ limited resources in order to satisfy unlimited⁵ wants.
　　A short time ago economists⁶ divided goods into two categories, free and economic. The former, like air and water, were in __9__ abundance that economists had no concern for them. After all, economics is the __10__ of scarcity⁷ and what to do about it. Today many of these "free goods" are __11__ very expensive to use. Pollution has made clean air and water expensive for producers' extra costs, and __12__ taxpayers⁸ who pay for the government's involvement in cleaning the environment.
　　In the 1990s, almost all goods are __13__. Only by effort and money __14__ obtained in the form people wish.
　　Meeting needs of people and the demands from resource available __15__ the basic activity of production. In trying to meet unlimited wants from limited economic goods, production leads to new problems in economics.
EXERCISE:
1. A) limited B) unlimited C) scarcity D) abundant
2. A) want B) problem C) wants D) resources
3. A) those B) some C) others D) many
4. A) them B) themselves C) ourselves D) ours
5. A) expand B) extends C) grows D) increase
6. A) always B) sometimes C) often D) never
7. A) management B) function C) board D) group
8. A) people B) economists C ) way D) methods
9. A) so B) great C) such D) such an
10. A) form B) study C) means D) source
11. A) practically B) in practice C)in reality D) practicably
12. A) the B) / C) for D) with
13. A) plentiful⁹ B) scarce C) abundant D) in full supply
14. A) they can be B) can they be C) they must be D) must they be
15. A) are led to B) leads C) lead to D) leads to
KEY:
A C A C C D C D C B C C B B D

PASSAGE 14

Newspaper Reports

　　There are many type of reports. A report is simply __1__ of something that has happened. The commonest are __2__. We get them in newspapers, over radio and __3__ television. Sometimes cinemas also show us newsreels.
　　The main purpose of a newspaper __4__ provide news. If you __5__ a newspaper closely, you will find that there are all types of news: accidents, floods, fires, wars, sports, books, etc. The news __6__ everything that happens to people and their surroundings. Sometimes there are news items which are very __7__.
　　The big __8__ bold words above the news items are called headlines. Their purpose is to __9__ attention so that people will buy the newspaper because they want to read __10__ of the news.
　　A news report is usually very short, __11__ when it is about something very important, but it __12__ a lot of information. It is also written in short paragraphs. The first paragraph is in __13__ a summary of the news item. It gives all the necessary information: what, when, where, how, why. The other paragraphs give __14__ of the subject. There may also be interviews __15__ people. The words actually spoken by them are within inverted¹⁰ commas.
　　Often there are photographs to go with the news to make it more interesting.

1. A) a count B) an account C) an accident D) an incident
2. A) news reports B) new reports C) news report D) new report
3. A) over B) by C) on D) through
4. A) is to B) is C) is to have D) is to be
5. A) examine B) watch C) look D) see
6. A) concludes B) covers C) conclude D) cover
7. A) amuse B) amused C) amusing D) to amuse
8. A) or B) as well C) both D) also
9. A) give B) attain¹¹ C) pay D) attract
10. A) the rest B) rest C) other D) the other
11. A) besides B) apart from C) except D) except for
12. A) composes B) concludes C) confirms D) contains
13. A) details B) reply C) all D) fact
14. A) fully¹² details B) full details C) details fully D) details full
15. A) with B) between C) to D) among

KEYS: BACAA BCADA CDDBA