PASSAGE 19 
Mobile Phones

　　Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit is scientifically evaluated, he said. "Nobody’s going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information," Robert Bells said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation ."If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, ____1____until proper shields can be devised," he said.
　　A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill-effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3.3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day. By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones:___2__
As well, there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density¹ residential² areas. For example, Telstra , Optus and Vodaphone build their towers ___3___and disregard the need of the community. The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby.
　　Robert Bell suggests that____4___ the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius³ of school grounds, child care centres, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children. He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults. He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves _____5_____.
　　Robert Bell calls on the major telephone companies to fund adequate research and urges the Government to set up a wide ranging inquiry⁴ into possible health effects. 
A. until more research is completed
B. nearly one for every two people
C. they should carry a warning label
D. mobile phones should be radiation-free
E. where it is geographically⁵ suitable to them
F. the growth rate of the disease accelerate
key:CDBEAF
 
PASSAGE 20
Financial Risks

　　Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing⁶; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.
　　Commercial risks are handled essentially⁷ as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business. They include solvency⁸, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk,__1__ which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. Such risk is encountered when a controversy⁹ arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or__2__. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture¹⁰ standards. The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping¹¹ them home again, each involving considerable cost.
　　Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction¹² or cancellation¹³ of import licenses¹⁴. Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk,__3__.
　　Exchange-rate fluctuations¹⁵ inevitably¹⁶ cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. Floating exchange rates of the world’s major currencies have forced all marketers __4__. International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings¹⁷ in the third quarter of 1981. __5__, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.
Exercise:
A to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning
B any other disagreement over which payment is withheld
C however, is competition
D so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market
E Before rates were permitted to float
F After serious consideration 
Key: CBDAE

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