2.第三部分：概括大意与完成句子
1. Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitively¹ areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless of age.
2. People will be alert and receptive if they are faced with information that get them to think about things they are interested in, and someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
3. Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to work in their own lives. “The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous amounts of information,” says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. “Most of us don’t need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental alertness.” Fozard and others say they challenge their brains to work.
4. Gene² Cohen, acting³ director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental and physical activities individually as well as in groups. Cohen says that we are frequently advised to keep physically⁴ active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well. Those who do are more likely to maintain their intellectual abilities and to be generally happier and better adjusted. “ The point is, you need to do both.” Cohen says, “Intellectual activity actually influences brain-cell health and size.”
23. Paragraph 1 ________
24. Paragraph 2 ________
25. Paragraph 3 ________
26. Paragraph 4 ________
A. It is not beneficial for people to keep mentally active.
B. Intellectual activity can strengthen people’s mental health regardless of their age.
C. Old people should engage in both mental and physical activities.
D. Old people only need to engage in physical activities individually.
E. People with an active mind are more cognitively healthy in their old age.
F. Many experts are putting the theory to work in their own lives.
27. If people are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are interested in, they will be________.
28. Many experts are putting the theory to work in their own lives because they are convinced of ________.
29. Such specific training as learning to memorize enormous amounts of information is of less interest than being able to ________.
30. Older people need to keep both ________.
A. physically and mentally active
B. be alert and receptive
C. engage in mental activities
D. the benefits of challenging the brain
E. beneficial and happy
F. maintain mental alertness
3.第四部分：阅读理解 第一篇
Vegetarian⁵
A strict vegetarian is a person who never in his life eats anything derived⁶ from animals. The main objection to vegetarianism⁷ on a long-term basis is the difficulty of getting enough protein, the body-building elements in food. If you have ever been without meat or animal foods for some days or weeks, say, for religious reasons, you will have noticed that you tend to get physically weak. You are glad when the fast is over and you get your reward of a great meat meal.
Proteins are built up from approximately twenty food elements called “amino-acids”, which are found more abundantly in animal protein than in vegetable protein. This means you have to eat a great deal more vegetable than animal food in order to get enough of these amino-acids. A great deal of the vegetable food goes to waste in this process and from the physiological⁸ point of view there is not much to be said in favor of life-long vegetarianism.
The economic side of the question, though, must be considered. Vegetable food is much cheaper than animal food. However, since only a small proportion of the vegetable protein is useful for body-building purposes, a consistent vegetarian, if he is to gain the necessary 70 grams of protein a day, has to consume a greater bulk of food than his digestive organs can comfortably deal with. In fairness, though, it must be pointed⁹ out that vegetarians¹⁰ claim they need far less than 70 grams of protein a day.
Whether or not vegetarianism should be advocated for adults, it is definitely unsatisfactory for growing children, who need more protein than they can get from vegetable sources.
There is a lacto-vegetarian diet which includes milk and milk products. Meat and cheese are the best sources of usable digestible protein and next come milk, fish and eggs. Slow and careful cooking of meat makes it more digestible and assists in the breaking down of the protein content by the body. When cooking vegetables, however, the vitamins, and in particular the water-soluble vitamin C, should not be lost through over-cooking.
31. A vegetarian is a person who ________.
A. eats the meat of animals only
B. eats the vegetable only
C. drinks milks only
D. eat nothing at all
32. Compared with vegetable protein, animal protein contains ________
A. more proteins
B. more nutrients¹¹
C. more minerals
D. more amino-acids
33. The word “lacto-vegetarian” in Paragraph 4 means ________
A. very strict vegetarian
B. they eat fish
C. not strict vegetarian
D. not-vegetarian
34. From the passage, we know that ________.
A. to gain enough protein, one must consume much more vegetable food than animal food
B. cooking vegetables for a long time makes it more digestible
C. milk is the best source of usable animal protein
D. the most common deficiencies in Western diets are those of vitamins
35. Which of the following best reflects the author’s attitude?
A. Vegetarianism is good for one’s health.
B. Vegetarianism should be advocated for adults.
C. One should have a well-balanced diet containing elements of all foods.
D. A lacto-vegetarian diet is the best as it provides adequate nutrition.
4.第四部分：阅读理解 第二篇
Look After Your Voice
Often speakers at a meeting experience dry mouths and ask for a glass of water. You can solve the problem by activating¹² the saliva¹³ in your mouth. First gently bite the edges of your tongue with your teeth. Or, press your entire tongue to the bottom of your mouth and hold it there until the saliva flows. Or you can imagine that you are slicing a big juicy lemon and sucking the juice.
Before you begin your talk, be kind to your voice. Avoid milk or creamy drinks which coat your throat. Keep your throat wet by drinking a little sweetened warm tea or diluted¹⁵ fruit juice.
If you sense that you are losing your voice, stop talking completely. Save your voice for your speech. You may feel foolish using paper to write notes, but the best thing you can do is to rest your voice. If you need to see a doctor, perhaps you can get some advice from a professional singer. In the meantime, do not even talk in a low voice.
What about drinking alcohol to wet your throat? I advice you not to touch alcohol before speaking. The problem with alcohol is that one drink gives you a little confidence. The second drink gives you even more confidence. Finally you will feel all-powerful and you will feel you can do everything, but in fact your brain and your mouth do not work together properly. Save the alcohol until after you finish speaking.
Perhaps you want to accept the advice, but you may wonder if you can ever change the habits of a lifetime. Of course you can. Goethe, who lived before indoor skating rinks or swimming pools, said, “We learn to skate in the summer and swim in the winter”. Take this message to heart and give yourself time to develop you new habits. If you are willing to change, you will soon be able to say that you will never forget these techniques because they became a part of your body.
36.All the following are mentioned in the passage about how to solve the problem of dry mouths EXCEPT ______.
A. to bite the edges of your tongue
B. to ask for a glass of water
C. to imagine you are having a sour fruit
D. to take cool milk
37. What does the writer suggest when you feel you are losing your voice?
A. Rest your voice
B. Drink some alcohol.
C. Ask a singer to teach you how to protect your voice.
D. Never go to see a doctor.
38. What is the writer’s advice about alcohol before you give a speech?
A. Drink a little of it to feel all-powerful
B. Don’t drink it.
C. Dilute¹⁴ it with water.
D. Drink it two hours before you make a speech.
39. Why does the writer cite Goethe’s advice?
A. To prove one can change one’s habits.
B. To tell that Goethe had a strong will power.
C. To encourage one to go in for sports.
D. To demonstrate Goethe was creative.
40. In the author’s opinion, to change a habit is ________.
A. very difficult
B. very easy
C. completely impossible
D. hard but possible

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