职称英语指导:语法知识——动词不定式a
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动词不定式概述

  动词不定式指由to加上动词原形所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to 可省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语,如:
  To ignore this dangerous signal would be a terrible mistake. (作主语)
  He promised not to tell anyone else about it. (作宾语)
  To treat comrades1 like enemies is to go over to the side of the enemy.(作表语)
  The manager announced his intention to retire.(作定语)
  The old man walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.(作状语)
  不定式中的动词仍然具有动词的特性,可以有自己的宾语和状语,另外虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的主语,但它所表达的意义是动作,这一动作的执行者就是该动词的逻辑主语,动词不定式要和它的逻辑主语在语态和时态上保持一致。

  动词不定式的用法

  1.不定式作主语

  ⑴原则上,可用动词不定式直接作句子的主语,通常用it作句子的形式主语,而把不定式移到后面,形成“it + 谓语… + 动词不定式…”的句型。如:
  To catch the 5: 00 bus early in the morning is not a good idea. it is not a good idea to catch the 5: 00 bus early in the morning. to learn a foreign language well takes painstaking2 efforts. it takes painstaking efforts to learn a foreign language well.
  ⑵ 若要说明不定式的动作的执行者,可以在不定式前面加上“for + 名词或代词”结构,或是“of + 名词或代词”结构。
   It is a great pleasure for me to talk with him. it is very kind of you to help me .
  ⑶ 可用于“of + 名词/代词 + 动词不定式”结构中作主语补足语的形容词是指那些可以表示人或事物的性质或品质的好坏的形容词。这些词如: careful, cruel, foolish, bold3, brave, good, honest, kind, rude, polite,  nice,stupid, selfish, silly, wicked4, wise, thoughtful5, wrong等。

  2.不定式作宾语

  不定式作宾语有两种情况:一是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式,二是“动词+疑问词+带to的不定式”。
  ⑴“动词+带to的不定式”结构:常见的以不定式作宾语的动词有afford, appear, agree, ask, believe,  decide, demand, desire, fail, hope, intend,learn, mean, offer, promise, refuse, wish等。如:
  I can‘t afford to buy a house.
  ⑵“动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式”结构:常见的这类动词有advise, decide, forget, know, learn, remember, see, tell,  think, teach, wonder,discover, understand, guess, explain等。这类疑问代(副)词 what, when, which, where, how, whether等(不包含why)。如:
  She does not know how to go there. he will tell you how to deal with it.
  ⑶在不定式作宾语时,有时我们会使用it作形式宾语,而把不定式放到后面。如:
  They consider it inappropriate to have classes in the evening.

  3.不定式作表语

  不定式作表语时,主语通常是一个名词,不定式短语或者从句。
  The boss‘s plan is to start building the skyscraper6 immediately. to work means to earn a living. what you have to do is to push the button.



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1 comrades 28d2de921bcc0478da3789e7d35f9a24     
n.亲密的伙伴( comrade的名词复数 );战友;朋友;同志
参考例句:
  • They were old army comrades. 他们是部队的老战友。
  • In conclusion she wished her comrades every success in their work. 最后她祝同志们工作顺利。 来自《简明英汉词典》
2 painstaking 6A6yz     
adj.苦干的;艰苦的,费力的,刻苦的
参考例句:
  • She is not very clever but she is painstaking.她并不很聪明,但肯下苦功夫。
  • Through years of our painstaking efforts,we have at last achieved what we have today.大家经过多少年的努力,才取得今天的成绩。
3 bold 5RSy1     
adj.果敢的,冒险的,无畏的;冒失的,鲁莽的
参考例句:
  • Her words were so bold that people caught their breath.她的话太大胆了,使人们都倒抽了一口气。
  • The room was decorated in bold colours.房间的色调布置得鲜明醒目。
4 wicked WMmz9     
adj.邪恶的,恶劣的,缺德的;淘气的
参考例句:
  • Let everyone know all the wicked things she has done.把她干的坏事给大家抖搂抖搂。
  • The wicked must be wiped out.恶人必须除掉。
5 thoughtful Wo4wg     
adj.思考的,沉思的,体贴的,关心的
参考例句:
  • She is thoughtful for her friends.她很体贴她的朋友们。
  • This is a thoughtful essay.这是一篇具有思想性的随笔。
6 skyscraper vxzwd     
n.摩天大楼
参考例句:
  • The skyscraper towers into the clouds.那幢摩天大楼高耸入云。
  • The skyscraper was wrapped in fog.摩天楼为雾所笼罩。
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