20. Eyeing Earth: From Cloud Top to Seabed(纵览地球—从云端到海底)
　　1. Earth scientists are beginning to live what they once considered an impossible dream. They
 are establishing systems to monitor our entire planet continuously, from the outer fringes of the
atmosphere to the deepest seabed. They even are beginning to track the grinding of rock upon rock that generates earthquakes. 
　　1、地球科学家们开始将以前被认为是不可能实现的梦想变为现实。他们正在建立可以持续不断地监控我们整个地球的系统，上至大气外层边缘，下至海床最深处。他们甚至开始追踪导致地震产生的岩石间的摩擦。
　　2. They are linking communications systems to shunt these data to whomever can work them into
useful knowledge. Often this now can be done in minutes instead of hours, days, or weeks. An unprecedented¹
 cooperation is developing among nations so that earth scientists will no longer look at our planet in the old, fragmented way. 
　　2、科学家们正在将各个通讯系统连接起来，从而将收集到的数据资料传输给任何可将其转化为有用知识的使用者。这项工作现在往往只需几分钟而不是几小时、几天或几星期就能完成。一项空前的合作正在各国间展开，从此以后地球科学家们再也不需要用陈旧和零敲碎打的方式来研究我们所在的行星了。
　　3. These technological² developments have brought humanity to the brink³ of "great opportunities,"
said American Geophysical Union president John Orcutt at a meeting of the group last week in San Francisco.
A few of many instances of such opportunities presented at the meeting illustrate⁴ this. 
　　3、美国地球物理学会主席约翰·奥克特在该组织上周于旧金山召开的会议上指出，这些技术上的发展已使人类十分接近“大好机遇”。这次会议上介绍了与这些机遇相关的许多实例，其中几个说明了这一点。
　　4. Scientists at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif., where Dr. Orcutt is deputy director,
have developed a way to use the worldwide seismic⁵ observing network to image earthquake ruptures⁷. Within
30 minutes or less, they can trace the entire crustal rupture⁶ that produces a quake anywhere in the world.
 This information is much more valuable than merely pinpointing⁸ the quake epicenter. "This is important for tsunami⁹
warning systems in which you need to know a path－－not just the original location—of an earthquake,"
 explains Scripps scientist Peter Shearer¹⁰. 
　　4、由奥克特博士任副所长的加利福尼亚拉霍亚市斯克里普斯海洋研究所的科学家们已经开发出一种利用全球地震监控网络来形象地描绘地表断裂的方法。在30分钟或更短的时间内，他们就能完整地追踪到地球上任何一处导致地震的地壳断裂带。这一信息比仅仅确定震中的位置要有价值得多。斯克里普斯的科学家彼得·希勒解释说：“这对于海啸预警系统来说很重要，因为在预警过程中，不仅仅需要知道震源所在，而且需要了解地震波的路径”。
　　5. Meanwhile, in North America, the EarthScope project is establishing a continent-wide network of GPS locators, seismographs, and other instruments to study what’s happening below the crust. 
　　5、与此同时，在北美开展的“地球透镜”计划正在建立一个包括全球定位系统定位仪、地震仪和其他仪器所组成的洲际范围的网络，以研究地壳下面的活动情况。
　　6. The network, which will cover the United States and reach into Canada and Mexico, is beginning to track the
 interaction of the two great crustal plates that respectively carry the Pacific Ocean and the continent. Its prime
feature is an observatory¹¹ in Parkfield, Calif., which has placed instruments nearly two miles deep into the Earth right
up against the San Andreas fault to record every creep, rattle¹², and grind. The goal is "to get into the heart of this
earthquake machine" and test scientists’ speculations¹³ as to how it works, says William Ellsworth, a geologist¹⁴ with
the US Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif.
　　6、该网络将会覆盖美国并延伸至加拿大和墨西哥。目前，它正在追踪分别承载太平洋和美洲大陆的两大地壳板块之间的相互作用情况。其显著特色是设在加州帕克菲尔德市的一个观测站，它在圣安德列亚斯断层的正上方距地表近两英里处，安装了各种仪器，用来记录这里的每一次地壳移动、撞击和摩擦情况。加州曼罗帕克美国地质勘探局的一位地质学家威廉·埃尔斯沃斯表示，这样做的目的是为了“深入这部地震机器的中心地带”，并检验科学家们关于其活动情况的各种推测。
　　7. Networks of satellites already on orbit or soon to be launched are beginning to provide detailed¹⁵ observations
of the workings of the atmosphere, ocean, and continental¹⁶ crust over the entire planet. These data are shared globally
through an unprecedented cooperation among 58 nations called the Global Earth Observation System of Systems.
　　7、由已经进入轨道或是即将发射的卫星所形成的网络已开始提供有关整个地球的大气、海洋和陆壳运动情况的详细观测资料。这些数据资料通过由58个国家参与、名为“全球对地观测系统”的空前合作实现全球共享。
　　8. Orcutt noted¹⁷ that it will take high-volume high-speed communications to make the most of such sharing. Such a system, now under development, will shunt data a
thousand times faster than current "high speed" broadband Internet links. Orcutt added that a strong commercial i
ncentive exists to develop this system. It would allow movie studios, for example, to transmit a digital motion picture
directly to theaters, where it could be shown in real time.
　　8、奥克特指出，要最大限度地利用这种共享，需要依靠大容量、高速度的通讯系统。正处于开发阶段的这一系统将会以比现在的“高速”宽带因特网连接快1000倍的速度传送数据。奥克特还补充说，开发这个系统存在巨大的商业动机。例如，它将使电影制片厂直接将数字电影传输到电影院并实现实时放映。
　　21.The art of public Speaking.
　　21、公共演讲的艺术
　　1. The need for effective public speaking will almost certainly touch you sometime in your life. When it does,
you want to be ready. But even if you never give another speech in your life, you still have much to gain from studying
public speaking. Your speech class will give you training in researching topics, organizing your ideas, and presenting
yourself skillfully. The training is invaluable¹⁹ for every type of communication.
　　1、在你生活的某个时刻，几乎必定需要做某种有影响力的公开演讲。当这个时刻来到时，你希望自己十分有把握。但是，即便你从未发表过一个演讲，你仍然会从学习公共演说中获益良多。你的演讲课将会在研究主题、组织思路、和表现技巧方面对你进行训练。这种训练对任何类型的交流都是非常宝贵的。
　　2. There are many similarities between public speaking and daily conversation. The three major goals
of speaking-to inform, to persuade, to entertain-are also the three major goals of everyday conversation.
In conversation, almost without thinking about it,
you employ a wide range of skills. You organize your ideas logically. You tailor your message to your audience.
You tell a story for maximum impact. You adapt to feedback from your listener. These are among the most important skills you will need for public speaking.
　　2、在公开演讲和日常交谈之间有许多类似的东西。演说的三个主要目的是：传达、说服、吸引，这些也是日常交谈的三个主要目的。在交谈中，你已经不假思索地使用很多技巧。你有条理地组织你的观点，你根据听众修改信息。你选择讲述某个故事以取得最大的效果。你从听众的反馈中改变自己。这些是你在公开演讲时所需要的最重要的技巧。
　　3. Of course, public speaking is also different from conversation. First, public speaking is more highly
structured than conversation. It usually imposes strict time limitations on the speaker, and it requires
more detailed preparation than dose ordinary conversation. Second, speechmaking requires more formal language.
Listeners react negatively to speeches loaded with slang, jargon²⁰, and bad grammar. Third, public speaking demands
a different method of delivery. Effective speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work at avoiding
distracting physical mannerism²¹ and verbal habits.
　　3、当然，公开演说不同于交谈。首先，公开演讲比交谈要有更高的组织结构性。公开演说者通常受严格的时间限制，故此它需要比普通交谈更细致的准备。其次，公开演说需要使用正式语言。听众对充满俚语、行话、和语法错误的讲话反应消极。第三，公开演说需要用一种不同声调和姿势。有影响力的演说者调整他的声调去面对大量的观众，力求避免分散人注意力的身体习惯动作，力求避免习惯性口头语。
　　4. One of the major concerns of students in any speech class is stage fright. Actually, most successful speakers are
nervous before making a speech. Your speech class will give you an opportunity to gain confidence and make your nervousness
work for you rather than against you. You will take a big step toward overcoming stage fright if you think positively²², choose
speech topics you really care about, prepare thoroughly²³, and concentrate on communicating with your audience. Like many
 students over the years, you too can develop confidence in your speechmaking abilities.
　　4、在任何一个演讲教室里，学生最主要的担心之一就是怕上台。事实上，最成功的演说家在发表一场演讲之前也会紧张。你的演讲教室将给你一个获得信心的机会，让你的紧张的神经帮助你而不是阻碍你。如果你能这样积极地考虑，你将会朝着战胜怯场的方向迈进一大步：选择你真正关心的演讲主题，充分地准备，集中精力与你的听众沟通。如同过去的许多同学一样，你同样能够在你的演讲能力上提高信心。
　　5. The speech communication process as a whole includes seven elements-speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation. The speaker is the person who initiates²⁴ a
speech transaction. Whatever the speaker communicates is the message, which is sent by means of a particular channel.
The listener receives the communicated message and may provide feedback to the speaker. Interference is anything that
 impedes the communication of a message, and the situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs.
The interaction of these seven elements is what determines the outcome in any instance of speech communication.
　　5、语言交流的过程，整体而言包括七个要素：演说者、信息、沟通途径、听众、反馈、外界干扰、和现场形态。演说者是演讲事件的开始者。演说者传递的是信息，它必经某种特定沟通途径传送出去。听众接受传达到的信息，并且向演说者提供反馈。外界干扰是妨碍信息沟通的任何事物，而现场形态是演说发生的时间和地点。这七个要素的相互作用决定任何情况下演说交流的效果。
　　6. Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical²⁵ responsibilities. Ethical speakers use sound means
to achieve sound goals. They do this by being well informed about their subjects by being honest in what they say, by using sound
 evidence, and by employing valid²⁶ reasoning.
　　6、因为演讲是力量的一种表现形态，它承载着很重的道德责任。有道德的演说者用声音的方式去实现声音的目的。他们通过很好阐述他们的主题、通过诚实于他们所说的话、通过使用可靠的论据、以及通过正确的评论做这件事。

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