第十二篇

How a Terrible Battle helped to Change Europe

Ninety years ago on a sunny morning in Northern France, something happened that changed Britain and Europe for ever. At half past seven on the morning of July 1, 1916, whistles blew and thousands of British soldiers left their positions to attack their German enemies. By the end of the day, 20,000 of them were dead, and another 30,000 wounded or missing. The Battle of the Somme,     1     it is called, lasted for six months1. When it ended, 125,000 British soldiers were dead. They had gained five kilometers of ground.

This was one of a series of great battles during the WWI. The attack on the Somme was staged to relieve    2__ on the French, who were engaged in a great battle of their own at a place called Verdun. By the time the battle ended, over a million French and German troops had been killed.

About 17 million people were killed in WWI. There have been wars with greater numbers of dead. But there has never been one      3    most of the dead were concentrated in such a small area. On the Somme battlefield, two men died for every meter of space.

Local farmers working in the land still   4   the bodies of those who died in that battle. The dead of all nations were buried in a series of giant graveyards² along the line of the border    5   France and Belgium. Relatives and descendants³ of those who died still visit these graveyards today. What the French call the "tourism of death"    6      an important contribution to the local economy.

It took a second great conflict before Europe was to turn   7    war itself.

Twenty-eight years after the Somme battle, a liberating⁴ army of British. American and Canadian troops took back  8  from another German invasion. More than 500,000 people were killed. New      9     were built.

Two great conflicts across two generations helped to change the European mind about war. Germany, once the most warlike country in Europe, is now probably more in __ 10  of peace than any other. One major cause of war in Europe was rivalry⁵ between France and Germany. The European Union was specifically formed to end that   11

According to US commentator⁶ William Pfaff, "Europeans are interested in a slow

development of civilized⁷ and tolerant⁸ international relations,  12  on problems

while avoiding catastrophes⁹ along the way. They have themselves only recently   13

from the catastrophes of the WWI and WWII, when tens of millions of people were destroyed. They don't want     14  "

The last British veteran of the Somme battle died in 2005, aged¹ 108. And the WWI is passing out of memory and into history2. But for anyone who wants to understand how Europeans   15     , it is still important to know a little about the terrible events of July 1, 1916.

词汇：

descendant  n.子孙

graveyard  n. 墓地

rivalry n. 竞争

catastrophe¹⁰ n. 灾难

注释：

1. The battle of the Somme, as it is called, lasted for six months. 索姆河战役，大家都这么叫，进行了六个月。

2. And the WWI is passing out of memory and into history. 第一次世界大战正在从我们的记忆中消失，远离我们而去。