非谓语动词的用法及其意义(上)--不定式
相关背景知识介绍:
非谓语动词结构可以简单地分为:不定式(to + V)、动名词、分词-ing和分词-ed式。不同类型的非谓语动词在句中起着不同的语法功能,而且它们也存在着语态和时态的变化。非谓语动词结构在书面语中用的很多,如:A Thirsty World (2002年综合B/C级阅读理解考试题) 来源:考试大
In addition to stopping wasting precious water, one useful step we should take is to develop ways of reusing it. Experiments have already been done in this field, but only on a small scale.
Today, in most large cities, water is used only once and it eventually returns to the sea (不是不定式结构)or runs into underground storage tanks. But it is possible to pipe water用管子输送 that has been used to a purifying使纯净 plant (不是不定式结构).
precious -- valuable 珍贵的
小节:
1. 非谓语结构一定是由于前面结构的需要而出现;
2. 不定式结构的构成是: to + v.;动名词结构的构成是: v.ing
3. 介词和及物动词的后面需要出现名词或动名词结构; 系动词后面可以跟表示动作发生在将来的不定式结构。
对于不定式结构具有名词的性质这个特点, 建议大家可以记住这个句子: To err2 is human. 人非圣人孰能无过。
l 动词不定式:
Ⅰ.动词不定式的形式
1.动词不定式是一种非谓语动词,在句中不能单独作谓语,如to have, to work等。不定式符号“to”不是介词,无词义。不定式有一般、完成、进行等几种常用的形式,也有主动和被支语态的区别。以study为例:
主动
主动
一般式
to study
to be studied
进行式
to be studying
完成式
to have studied
to have been studied
2.不定式结构中的动词仍然保持动词的特征,可带宾语或状语,构成不定式短语。如:
to do shopping
to help them in their work
to come back www.ExamdA.COM
to live in
a house to live in
a colleague to work with
3.不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加not, never等,如:
They told me not/never to open the window.
4.不定式有时可直接与疑问词连用,如what, when, where, which, whom, why, whether, how等。如:
He didn’t know whether to wait or go home.
He wanted to know how to handle such a problem.
I am wondering which to choose.
He asked when to leave for home.
(handle –deal with处理)
接下来我们以2005年综合/理工/卫生类考题中均出现了的一篇文章saving money /节约钱 为例, 来看在这篇文章中不定式结构是怎样出现的, 这些不定式结构在它们所在句子中起的 语法功能: www.ExamdA.COM
From saving3 money
If you are saving to buy a CD(光盘) or go to a concert, then probably…
(probably – possibly –likely大概,有可能)
One place to save money is the bank. 定语
Interest is the amount of money a bank pays you to use your money.
Another way you can save money is to buy a certificate4 of deposit5 or CD.
If you have some money you don’t need to use for a long time, this is a good way to make your money now.
You agree not to use the money for a certain period of time.
(use –utilize利用)
(certain –some 某个)
小节:
不定式结构能够在句子中充当多种语法结构, 不定式结构语法功能的确定需要参照其前面的结构来确定. 如: 跟在行为动词后面的不定式结构, 常常是充当状语结构; 跟在名词的后面作该名词的定语;跟在及物动词及介词的后面充当它们的宾语。
Ⅱ不定式或不定式短语的用法:
不定式在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语。
1.作主语
不定式或不定式短语作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。如:
To serve the people well is our duty.
To get there on foot will take several hours.
动词不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,用引导词it作形式主语。上述两句也可改为:
It is our duty to serve the people well.
It will take several hours to get there on foot.
(take – need需要(多少时间等))
类似这样不定式做主语的句型:
It is + n.+ to do
It a\takes sb.+ some time + to do
It is +adj.+ for sb.+ to do
It is +adj.+ of sb.+ to do
It is our duty to help them.
It will take you quite a long time to finish it.
(finish -- fulfill完成)
It is easy for us to answer this question.
It is kind of you to help me
(help –aid 帮助)