虚拟语气的构成及用法
l 相关背景知识介绍
虚拟语气 = 虚拟(假设) + 语气
Bus travel now and then (2001年版C级)
For cities without other public transport services, if all the buses were to stop running for a day, work would come to a standstill (停止) in hundreds of offices and factories and...
虚拟语气 (Subjunctive Mood)
虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式,用于表示非真实的假设,或表示命令、建议以及说话人的主观愿望,有时也有使语气缓和、委婉的作用。
Ⅰ、条件句中的虚拟语气
1.构成
含有条件状语从句的句子称为条件句。如果所表示的条件是真实的,或者完全可能实现的,则称为真实条件句,其主句和从句的谓语都用陈述语气,如:
You may spoil1 the work if you make the same mistake again.
如果条件句表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小时,则称为虚拟条件句,其主句和从句的谓语就要用虚拟语气。谓语形式因时间不同而有所不同。现以动词give和tell为例列表如下:
条件从句
主句
与现在事实相反的假定
gave
should + tell
would + tell
与过去事实相反的假定
had + given
should + have + told
would + have + told
推测未来不可能实现或实现可能性很小的假定
should + give
were to + give
gave
should + tell
would + tell
注:
① 在与现在事实相反的假设条件从句中谓语为be时,一般不分人称,多用过去式的复数形式were。如主语为第一、三人称单数时,也可用was (但“if I were you…”中只能用were。)
② 主句中第一人称常用should,第二、三人称常用would。但在美国英语中,第一人称也常用would。主句中除should, would外,还可用could, might。
2.用法
(1) 与现在事实相反的假定。如:
If the sun stopped radiating(放射出) heat and light, life on earth would be impossible.
如果太阳停止放射光和热,地球上的生命就不可能生存。
If I were you, I should start packing now.
如果我是你,我现在就动手收拾行装了。
(2) 与过去事实相反的假定。如:
If you had started your work earlier, you would have finished it.
如果当时你早点开始工作的话,你早就把工作完成了。
He would have succeeded in the Sydney Olympic Games if his courage hadn’t failed him.
如果他不是当时一时胆怯,他就会已经在悉尼奥运会上获胜了。
(3) 推测未来不可能实现或实现可能性很小的假定。如:
If the director2 came tomorrow, I would tell him about our proposal3.
如果主任明天来,我将把我们的建议告诉他。
If I should live in the twenty-second century, I would spend my vacation on the moon.
如果我生活在二十二世纪,我将在月球上度假。
What would you do if war were to break out(爆发)?
如果战争爆发,你怎么办?
注:
①虚拟条件从句中,如谓语中有were (was), had, should等词,有时可把这些词放到主语前,并省略连词if。如上面(2)中的第一句(If you had started your work earlier, you would have finished it.) 和(3)中的第二句 (If I should live in the twenty-second century, I would spend my vacation on the moon.) 可分别改为下列形式而意思不变:
Had you started your work earlier, you would have finished it.
Should I live in the twenty-second century, I would spend my vacation on the moon.
②虚拟条件除用从句表示外,还可以通过介词短语等来表示,这时句中动词也用虚拟语气。如:
Without dust, there would be no clouds and no rain.
没有灰尘,不会有云,也不会有雨。
But for your cooperation, my business would have collapsed4.
要不是你的合作,我经营的企业早就垮了。