中华人民共和国矿产资源法
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(Adopted at the 15th Meeting of the Standing1 Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated2 by Order No. 36 of the President of the People's Republic of China on March 19, 1986, and effective as of October 1, 1986) (Editor's Note: This Law was revised by the Decisions on Amending3 the Mineral Resources of the People's Republic of China promulgated on August 29, 1996)
时效性:已被修正  颁布日期:19860319  实施日期:19861001  失效日期:19970101  颁布单位:全国人大常委会

  Chapter I General Provisions

  Article 1 This Law is formulated4 in accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, with a view to developing the mining industry, to promoting the exploration, development, utilization5 and protection of mineral resources and to ensuring the present and long-term requirements of socialist6 modernization7.

  Article 2 This Law must be observed in exploring and exploiting mineral resources within the territory of the People's Republic of China and in the sea areas under its jurisdiction8.

  Article 3 Mineral resources shall be owned by the state. The state ownership of mineral resources, either near the earth's surface or underground, shall not change with the ownership or right to the use of the land which the mineral resources are attached to.

  The state shall safeguard the rational development and utilization of mineral resources. Seizing or damaging mineral resources by any means and by any organization or individual shall be forbidden. People's governments at all levels must make serious efforts to protect mineral resources.

  Anyone who wishes to explore mineral resources shall register according to law. Anyone who wishes to exploit mineral resources shall apply for the right of mining. The state shall protect lawful9 rights of exploration and mining from violation10 and protect order in production and other work in the mining and exploration areas from interference and disruption.

  Mining rights may not be sold, leased or put in pledge.

  Article 4 The state-operated mining enterprises shall be the principal force in exploiting mineral resources. The state shall guarantee the consolidation11 and expansion of state-operated mining enterprises.

  The state shall encourage, direct and help the collective mining enterprises of township and towns to develop.

  By administrative12 measures, the state shall direct, help and supervise individuals to conduct mining according to law.

  Article 5 The state shall adopt the policy that mineral resources are to be mined with compensation. Anyone who exploits mineral resources must pay resources tax and compensation in accordance with relevant state provisions.

  Article 6 With regard to the exploration and development of mineral resources, the state shall practise the policy of unified13 planning, rational distribution, comprehensive exploration, rational exploitation and comprehensive utilization.

  Article 7 The state shall encourage scientific-technical research on the exploration and development of mineral resources, popularize advanced technology and raise the scientific-technical level of mineral exploration and development.

  Article 8 Any organization or individual that has achieved remarkable14 success in the exploration, development and protection of mineral resources and in scientific-technical research shall be rewarded by the people's governments at various levels.

  Article 9 The department in charge of geology and mineral resources under the State Council shall be responsible for supervision15 and administration of the exploration and development of mineral resources throughout the country. Other departments concerned under the State Council shall assist the department in change of geology and mineral resources under the State Council in supervising and administering the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources.

  The departments in charge of geology and mineral resources under the people's governments of provinces, autonomous16 regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be in charge of supervising and administering the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources within their respective administrative areas. Other departments concerned under the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall assist the departments in charge of geology and mineral resources at the same level in supervising and administering the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources.

  Chapter II Registration17 for Mineral Exploration and Examination and Approval of Mineral Exploitation

  Article 10 The state shall adopt a unified registration system for mineral exploration. The department in charge of geology and mineral resources under the State Council shall be responsible for registering the exploration of mineral resources. The State Council may authorize18 relevant departments to handle registration of the exploitation of special kinds of mineral ores. The scope and procedures for registration of mineral exploration shall be formulated by the State Council.

  Article 11 The mineral reserves approval agency of the State Council or mineral reserves approval agencies of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be responsible for the examination and approval of the prospecting19 reports to be used for mine construction designing and shall, within the prescribed time limit, give official replies to the units that submitted the reports. Unless a prospecting report is approved, it may not be used as the basis for mine construction designing.

  Article 12 Archives of mineral exploration results and statistics of reserves of various kinds of minerals shall be subject to unified management, and shall be collected or compiled for submission20 to the competent authorities in accordance with the stipulations of the State Council.

  Article 13 The establishment of state-operated mining enterprises shall be approved respectively by the State Council, the relevant department in charge under the State Council and the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government.

  In the case of a state-operated mining enterprise which shall be established with the approval of the State Council or its relevant department in charge, the department in charge of geology and mineral resources under the State Council shall, before approval is granted, verify the proposed limits of mining operations and comprehensive utilization plan and write down its comments; after the approval is given, it shall issue a mining licence according to the approval document. Mining licences for specific kinds of minerals may be issued by a relevant department authorized21 by the State Council. In the case of a state-operated mining enterprise which shall be established with the approval of the people's government of a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government, the department in charge of geology and mineral resources under that people's government shall, before approval is granted, verify the proposed limits of mining operations and comprehensive utilization plan and write down its comments after the approval is given; it shall issue a mining liceace according to the approval document.

  Article 14 Procedures for the examination and approval of the establishment of collective mining enterprises of villages and towns, for the issuance of mining licences and for the administration of mining by individuals shall be formulated by the standing committees of the people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government.

  Article 15 Mining areas which are to be exploited under the state plan, those which are of great value to the national economy and special kinds of minerals for which protective mining is prescribed by the state, shall be exploited by the state in a planned way. No unit or individual may be permitted to exploit them without the approval of the department in charge under the State Council.

  Article 16 After defining, according to law, the limits of the mining areas that are to be exploited under the state plan, mining areas that are of great value to the national economy and mining areas of mining enterprises, the competent departments responsible for defining such areas shall inform the relevant people's government at the county level to make a public announcement.

  Any change in the mining area of a mining enterprise must be reported to and approved by the original approval department, and a new mining licence must be obtained from the department that issued the original mining licence.

  No unit or individual may enter and mine in the mining area of a mining enterprise that have acquired the mining rights.

  Article 17 Unless approved by the competent department authorized by the State Council, no one may exploit mineral deposits in the following places:

  (1) within demarcated areas of harbours, airports and national defence projects or installations;

  (2) within a certain distance from important industrial districts, large scale water conservancy works or municipal engineering installations of cities and towns;

  (3) within certain limits on both sides of railways and important highways;

  (4) within certain limits on both sides of important rivers and embankments;

  (5) nature reserves and important scenic22 spots designated by the state, major sites of immovable historical relics23 and places of historical interest and scenic beauty that are under state protection; and

  (6) other areas where mineral exploitation is forbidden by the state.

  Article 18 If a mine is to be closed down, a report must be prepared with information about the mining operations, hidden dangers, land reclamation24 and utilization, and environmental protection, and an application for approval must be filed in accordance with the relevant state provisions.

  Article 19 If, in the course of mineral exploration or exploitation, rare geologic25 phenomena26 or ancient cultural remains27 of major scientific and cultural value are discovered, they shall be protected and reported immediately to the relevant departments.

  Chapter III Mineral Exploration

  Article 20 Regional geologic surveys shall be carried out in accordance with the unified state plan. Reports on regional geologic surveys and the appended maps and other data shall be examined and accepted according to state regulations and then provided to relevant departments for use.

  Article 21 In conducting a general survey of mineral resources, while surveying for the chief kind of mineral deposits, a preliminary comprehensive assessment28 shall be made of the minerogenetic conditions involving all paragenetic or associated mineral ores and of the economic perspective of those mineral ores in the area being surveyed.

  Article 22 In prospecting for mineral deposits, a comprehensive assessment of the paragenetic and associated mineral ores of commercial value within the mining area must be made and their reserves calculated. Any prospecting report without such comprehensive assessment shall not be approved. However, an exception shall be made of the mineral deposit prospecting items for which the planning department of the State Council has made other stipulations.

  Article 23 In conducting general surveys and prospecting of special kinds of fragile non-metallic minerals, fluid minerals, combustible29, explosive and soluble30 minerals and minerals containing radioactive elements, methods prescribed by the competent departments of people's governments at or above the provincial31 level must be used, and necessary technical installations and safety measures must be provided.

  Article 24 The original geological record, maps, and other data of mineral exploration, rock cores, test samples, specimens32 of other material objects, and various exploration marks shall be protected and preserved in accordance with the relevant provisions.

  Article 25 Prospecting reports on mineral deposits and other valuable exploration data shall be provided for use with compensation in accordance with the provisions made by the State Council.

  Chapter IV Mineral Exploitation

  Article 26 Before a mining enterprise is established, the approval authority shall examine its application as to the limits of its mining area, design or mining plan, production technique and safety and environmental protection measures in accordance with the law and relevant state provisions. Approval shall be granted if it finds the enterprise meets these requirements.

  Article 27 In exploiting mineral resources, a mining enterprise must adopt rational sequence and methods of mining and the proper ore-dressing technology. The recovery rate and impoverishment33 rate in mining and recovery rate in ore-dressing of a mining enterprise shall meet the design requirements.

  Article 28 While exploiting the chief mineral deposit, its paragenetic and associated mineral ores having commercial value shall be comprehensively exploited and utilized35 in accordance with a unified plan, so as to avoid waste. Effective protective measures shall be adopted to avoid loss and damage to ores that cannot be exploited in a comprehensive way or that must be exploited simultaneously36 but cannot be comprehensively utilized for the time being, and to tailings containing useful components37.

  Article 29 In exploiting mineral resources, it is essential to abide38 by the state provisions for labour safety and hygiene39 and have the necessary conditions to ensure safety in production.

  Article 30 In exploiting mineral resources, it is essential to observe the legal provisions on environmental protection to prevent pollution of the environment.

  In mining mineral resources, attention shall be paid to using land economically. In case cultivated land, grassland40 or forest land is damaged owing to mining, the relevant mining enterprise shall take measures to utilize34 the lands affected41, such as by reclamation, tree planting and grass planting, as appropriate to the local conditions.

  Anyone who, in mining mineral deposits, causes losses to the production and livelihood42 of other persons shall be liable to compensation and adopt the necessary remedial measures.

  Article 31 Before the construction of railways, factories, reservoirs, oil pipelines43, transmission lines and various large structures or architectural complexes, the units responsible for the construction must obtain information from departments in charge of geology and mineral resources under the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, or centrally administered municipalities where the units are located, about the distribution and mining of mineral resources in the areas where the construction projects are to be built. Those projects shall not be built over important mineral deposits unless approved by departments authorized by the State Council.

  Article 32 As prescribed by the State Council, mineral products to be purchased exclusively by designated units may not be purchased by any other units or individuals; excavators of such minerals shall not sell their products to non-designated units.

  Article 33 In exploiting mineral resources in national autonomous areas, the state shall give due consideration to the interests of those areas and make arrangements favour able to the areas' economic construction and to the production and livelihood of the people of local minority nationalities.

  The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas shall, in accordance with legal provisions and the unified state plan, have priority for rationally developing and utilizing45 the mineral resources that may be developed by local authorities.

  Chapter V Collective Mining Enterprises of Villages and Towns and Mining by Individuals

  Article 34 The state shall adopt a policy of vigorous support, rational planning, correct guidance and powerful administration with regard to collective mining enterprises of villages and towns and mining by individuals. It shall encourage collective mining enterprises of townships and towns to exploit mineral resources within the areas designated by the state, and permit individuals to exploit scattered46 and dispersed47 mineral deposits, as well as sand, stone and clay usable only for common building materials, and small amounts of minerals for their own use in daily life.

  The state shall direct and help collective mining enterprises of villages and towns and individual miners to raise unceasingly their technical level, and to increase the mineral resource utilization .ate and economic effects.

  Departments in charge of geology and mineral resources, geological units and state-operated mining enter prises shall, on the principles of vigorous support and mutual48 benefit, provide geological data and technical service with compensation to collective mining enterprises of villages and towns and individual miners.

  Article 35 Existing collective mining enterprises of villages and towns, located within the mining area of a mining enterprise which is to be established with the approval of the State Council or the relevant department in charge under the State Council, shall be closed down or carry on mining in other designated places. The unit that undertakes to open the mine shall give rational compensation to the closed-down enterprise and make appropriate arrangements for the masses' livelihood. According to its overall arrangement, the state-operated mining enterprise may also enter into joint49 operation with the collective mining enterprises.

  Article 36 Under the general arrangement of the state-operated mining enterprises and with the approval of higher authorities, collective mining enterprises of villages and towns may exploit marginal and scattered ores within the limits of the state-operated mining enterprises, provided that they apply for mining licences as required.

  Article 37 Collective mining enterprises of villages and towns and individuals engaged in mining shall raise their technical level and increase the mineral recovery rate. Abusive or wasteful50 exploitation which is destructive to mineral resources shall be forbidden.

  Collective mining enterprises of villages and towns must survey and draw maps showing the correlation51 between surface and underground Workings.

  Article 38 People's governments at and above the county level shall direct and help collective mining enterprises of villages and towns and individuals engaged in mining in carrying out technological52 transformation53, improving business management and ensuring safety in production.

  Chapter VI Legal Liability

  Article 39 Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, mines without a mining licence, enters without authorization54 and mines in mining areas that the state has planned to develop, in mining areas with ores of significant value to the national economy, or in others' mining areas, or exploits special kinds of minerals that the state has prescribed for protective exploitation shall be ordered to stop excavation55compensate56 for the losses caused, have his extracted mineral products and unlawful proceeds confiscated57, and may be fined concurrently58. If the party refuses to stop mining and thus causes damage to mineral resources, the persons directly responsible shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions of Article 156 of the Criminal Law.

  Article 40 Anyone who mines beyond the approved limits of his mining area shall be ordered to return to his own area and compensate for the losses caused, shall have the mineral products extracted outside his area and his unlawful proceeds confiscated, and may be fined concurrently. If the offender59 refuses to return to his own mining area and causes damage to mineral resources, his mining licence shall be revoked60 and the persons directly responsible shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions of Article 156 of the Criminal Law.

  Article 4l Anyone who steals or seizes mineral products or other property of mining enterprises or exploration units, damages mining or exploration facilities, or disrupts order in production and other work in mining areas or in areas of exploration operation shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with relevant provisions of the Criminal Law; if the circumstances are obviously minor44, the offender shall be punished in accordance with relevant provisions of the Penalty Regulations Regarding Public Security Administration.

  Article 42 Anyone who sells, leases or transfers mineral resources by other means shall have his unlawful proceeds confiscated and be fined.

  Anyone who sells a mining right or puts it in pledge shall have his unlawful proceeds confiscated, be fined and have his mining licence revoked.

  Article 43 Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, purchases or sells mineral products which are to be purchased exclusively by the state shall have such products and his unlawful proceeds confiscated and may be fined concurrently. If the circumstances are serious, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with the provisions of Article 117 and 118 of the Criminal Law.

  Article 44 Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, exploits mineral resources in a destructive way and causes heavy damage to mineral resources shall be ordered to compensate for the losses caused and be fined. If the circumstances are serious, the offender's mining licence may be revoked.

  Article 45 The administrative penalties prescribed in Articles 39, 40 and 42 of this Law shall be decided61 by municipal or county people's governments. The administrative penalties prescribed in Article 43 shall be decided by the administrative departments for industry and commerce. The administrative penalties prescribed in Article 44 shall be decided by departments in charge of geology and mineral resources under the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government. The penalty of revoking62 the mining licence of a mining enterprise, the opening of which was approved by the State Council or its relevant department, shall be reported to the people's government of a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government for approval.

  Article 46 A party who refuses to accept the decision on administrative penalties may, within 15 days after receiving notification of the decision, bring suit in a people's court. If the party neither brings suit nor complies with the decision on a fine and confiscation63 of the unlawful proceeds within the time limit, the agency that made the decision shall request the people's court to compel execution of the decision.

  Article 47 Disputes over the limits of mining areas between mining enterprises shall be settled by the parties through consultation64; if no agreement is reached through consultation, the relevant local government at or above the county level shall handle the case on the basis of the limits that have been verified and fixed65 according to law. Disputes over the limits of mining areas that straddle provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be settled by the people's governments of the relevant provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities through consultation. If no agreement is reached through consultation, the disputes shall be settled by the State Council.

  Chapter VII Supplementary66 Provisions

  Article 48 Rules for the implementation67 of this Law shall be formulated by the State Council.

  Article 49 This Law shall go into effect on October 1, 1986.

  Article 50 Before this Law goes into effect, anyone who exploited mineral resources without going through approval procedures, having the mining area delimited and obtaining a mining licence shall complete the formalities in accordance with relevant provisions of this Law



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
参考例句:
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
2 promulgated a4e9ce715ee72e022795b8072a6e618f     
v.宣扬(某事物)( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 );传播;公布;颁布(法令、新法律等)
参考例句:
  • Hence China has promulgated more than 30 relevant laws, statutes and regulations. 中国为此颁布的法律、法规和规章多达30余项。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
  • The shipping industry promulgated a voluntary code. 航运业对自律守则进行了宣传。 来自辞典例句
3 amending 3b6cbbbfac3f73caf84c14007b7a5bdc     
改良,修改,修订( amend的现在分词 ); 改良,修改,修订( amend的第三人称单数 )( amends的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • Amending acts in 1933,1934, and 1935 attempted to help honest debtors rehabilitate themselves. 一九三三年,一九三四年和一九三五年通过的修正案是为了帮助诚实的债务人恢复自己的地位。
  • Two ways were used about the error-amending of contour curve. 采用两种方法对凸轮轮廓曲线进行了修正。
4 formulated cfc86c2c7185ae3f93c4d8a44e3cea3c     
v.构想出( formulate的过去式和过去分词 );规划;确切地阐述;用公式表示
参考例句:
  • He claims that the writer never consciously formulated his own theoretical position. 他声称该作家从未有意识地阐明他自己的理论见解。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • This idea can be formulated in two different ways. 这个意思可以有两种说法。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
5 utilization Of0zMC     
n.利用,效用
参考例句:
  • Computer has found an increasingly wide utilization in all fields.电子计算机已越来越广泛地在各个领域得到应用。
  • Modern forms of agricultural utilization,have completely refuted this assumption.现代农业利用形式,完全驳倒了这种想象。
6 socialist jwcws     
n.社会主义者;adj.社会主义的
参考例句:
  • China is a socialist country,and a developing country as well.中国是一个社会主义国家,也是一个发展中国家。
  • His father was an ardent socialist.他父亲是一个热情的社会主义者。
7 modernization nEyxp     
n.现代化,现代化的事物
参考例句:
  • This will help us achieve modernization.这有助于我们实现现代化。
  • The Chinese people are sure to realize the modernization of their country.中国人民必将实现国家现代化。
8 jurisdiction La8zP     
n.司法权,审判权,管辖权,控制权
参考例句:
  • It doesn't lie within my jurisdiction to set you free.我无权将你释放。
  • Changzhou is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province.常州隶属江苏省。
9 lawful ipKzCt     
adj.法律许可的,守法的,合法的
参考例句:
  • It is not lawful to park in front of a hydrant.在消火栓前停车是不合法的。
  • We don't recognised him to be the lawful heir.我们不承认他为合法继承人。
10 violation lLBzJ     
n.违反(行为),违背(行为),侵犯
参考例句:
  • He roared that was a violation of the rules.他大声说,那是违反规则的。
  • He was fined 200 dollars for violation of traffic regulation.他因违反交通规则被罚款200美元。
11 consolidation 4YuyW     
n.合并,巩固
参考例句:
  • The denser population necessitates closer consolidation both for internal and external action. 住得日益稠密的居民,对内和对外都不得不更紧密地团结起来。 来自英汉非文学 - 家庭、私有制和国家的起源
  • The state ensures the consolidation and growth of the state economy. 国家保障国营经济的巩固和发展。 来自汉英非文学 - 中国宪法
12 administrative fzDzkc     
adj.行政的,管理的
参考例句:
  • The administrative burden must be lifted from local government.必须解除地方政府的行政负担。
  • He regarded all these administrative details as beneath his notice.他认为行政管理上的这些琐事都不值一顾。
13 unified 40b03ccf3c2da88cc503272d1de3441c     
(unify 的过去式和过去分词); 统一的; 统一标准的; 一元化的
参考例句:
  • The teacher unified the answer of her pupil with hers. 老师核对了学生的答案。
  • The First Emperor of Qin unified China in 221 B.C. 秦始皇于公元前221年统一中国。
14 remarkable 8Vbx6     
adj.显著的,异常的,非凡的,值得注意的
参考例句:
  • She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
  • These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。
15 supervision hr6wv     
n.监督,管理
参考例句:
  • The work was done under my supervision.这项工作是在我的监督之下完成的。
  • The old man's will was executed under the personal supervision of the lawyer.老人的遗嘱是在律师的亲自监督下执行的。
16 autonomous DPyyv     
adj.自治的;独立的
参考例句:
  • They proudly declared themselves part of a new autonomous province.他们自豪地宣布成为新自治省的一部分。
  • This is a matter that comes within the jurisdiction of the autonomous region.这件事是属于自治区权限以内的事务。
17 registration ASKzO     
n.登记,注册,挂号
参考例句:
  • Marriage without registration is not recognized by law.法律不承认未登记的婚姻。
  • What's your registration number?你挂的是几号?
18 authorize CO1yV     
v.授权,委任;批准,认可
参考例句:
  • He said that he needed to get his supervisor to authorize my refund.他说必须让主管人员批准我的退款。
  • Only the President could authorize the use of the atomic bomb.只有总统才能授权使用原子弹。
19 prospecting kkZzpG     
n.探矿
参考例句:
  • The prospecting team ploughed their way through the snow. 探险队排雪前进。
  • The prospecting team has traversed the length and breadth of the land. 勘探队踏遍了祖国的山山水水。
20 submission lUVzr     
n.服从,投降;温顺,谦虚;提出
参考例句:
  • The defeated general showed his submission by giving up his sword.战败将军缴剑表示投降。
  • No enemy can frighten us into submission.任何敌人的恐吓都不能使我们屈服。
21 authorized jyLzgx     
a.委任的,许可的
参考例句:
  • An administrative order is valid if authorized by a statute.如果一个行政命令得到一个法规的认可那么这个命令就是有效的。
22 scenic aDbyP     
adj.自然景色的,景色优美的
参考例句:
  • The scenic beauty of the place entranced the visitors.这里的美丽风光把游客们迷住了。
  • The scenic spot is on northwestern outskirts of Beijing.这个风景区位于北京的西北远郊。
23 relics UkMzSr     
[pl.]n.遗物,遗迹,遗产;遗体,尸骸
参考例句:
  • The area is a treasure house of archaeological relics. 这个地区是古文物遗迹的宝库。
  • Xi'an is an ancient city full of treasures and saintly relics. 西安是一个有很多宝藏和神圣的遗物的古老城市。
24 reclamation MkNzIa     
n.开垦;改造;(废料等的)回收
参考例句:
  • We should encourage reclamation and recycling.我们应当鼓励废物的回收和利用。
  • The area is needed for a land reclamation project.一个土地开垦项目要在这一地区进行。
25 geologic dg3x9     
adj.地质的
参考例句:
  • The Red Sea is a geologic continuation of the valley.红海就是一个峡谷在地质上的继续发展。
  • Delineation of channels is the first step of geologic evaluation.勾划河道的轮廓是地质解译的第一步。
26 phenomena 8N9xp     
n.现象
参考例句:
  • Ade couldn't relate the phenomena with any theory he knew.艾德无法用他所知道的任何理论来解释这种现象。
  • The object of these experiments was to find the connection,if any,between the two phenomena.这些实验的目的就是探索这两种现象之间的联系,如果存在着任何联系的话。
27 remains 1kMzTy     
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹
参考例句:
  • He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
  • The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。
28 assessment vO7yu     
n.评价;评估;对财产的估价,被估定的金额
参考例句:
  • This is a very perceptive assessment of the situation.这是一个对该情况的极富洞察力的评价。
  • What is your assessment of the situation?你对时局的看法如何?
29 combustible yqizS     
a. 易燃的,可燃的; n. 易燃物,可燃物
参考例句:
  • Don't smoke near combustible materials. 别在易燃的材料附近吸烟。
  • We mustn't take combustible goods aboard. 我们不可带易燃品上车。
30 soluble LrMya     
adj.可溶的;可以解决的
参考例句:
  • These tablets are soluble in water.这些药片可在水中溶解。
  • Camphor is soluble in alcohol.樟脑在酒精中可以溶化。
31 provincial Nt8ye     
adj.省的,地方的;n.外省人,乡下人
参考例句:
  • City dwellers think country folk have provincial attitudes.城里人以为乡下人思想迂腐。
  • Two leading cadres came down from the provincial capital yesterday.昨天从省里下来了两位领导干部。
32 specimens 91fc365099a256001af897127174fcce     
n.样品( specimen的名词复数 );范例;(化验的)抽样;某种类型的人
参考例句:
  • Astronauts have brought back specimens of rock from the moon. 宇航员从月球带回了岩石标本。
  • The traveler brought back some specimens of the rocks from the mountains. 那位旅行者从山上带回了一些岩石标本。 来自《简明英汉词典》
33 impoverishment ae4f093f45919e5b388bce0d13eaa2e6     
n.贫穷,穷困;贫化
参考例句:
  • Therefore, the spiritual impoverishment is a more fearful social phenomenon. 所以,精神贫困是一种比物质贫困更隐蔽更可怕的社会现象。 来自互联网
  • Impoverishment is compounded by many elements, and can transmit to be a pernicious cycle. 贫困是由多种因素复合而成的,并且具有传递性,形成贫困的恶性循环。 来自互联网
34 utilize OiPwz     
vt.使用,利用
参考例句:
  • The cook will utilize the leftover ham bone to make soup.厨师要用吃剩的猪腿骨做汤。
  • You must utilize all available resources.你必须利用一切可以得到的资源。
35 utilized a24badb66c4d7870fd211f2511461fff     
v.利用,使用( utilize的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • In the19th century waterpower was widely utilized to generate electricity. 在19世纪人们大规模使用水力来发电。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The empty building can be utilized for city storage. 可以利用那栋空建筑物作城市的仓库。 来自《简明英汉词典》
36 simultaneously 4iBz1o     
adv.同时发生地,同时进行地
参考例句:
  • The radar beam can track a number of targets almost simultaneously.雷达波几乎可以同时追着多个目标。
  • The Windows allow a computer user to execute multiple programs simultaneously.Windows允许计算机用户同时运行多个程序。
37 components 4725dcf446a342f1473a8228e42dfa48     
(机器、设备等的)构成要素,零件,成分; 成分( component的名词复数 ); [物理化学]组分; [数学]分量; (混合物的)组成部分
参考例句:
  • the components of a machine 机器部件
  • Our chemistry teacher often reduces a compound to its components in lab. 在实验室中化学老师常把化合物分解为各种成分。
38 abide UfVyk     
vi.遵守;坚持;vt.忍受
参考例句:
  • You must abide by the results of your mistakes.你必须承担你的错误所造成的后果。
  • If you join the club,you have to abide by its rules.如果你参加俱乐部,你就得遵守它的规章。
39 hygiene Kchzr     
n.健康法,卫生学 (a.hygienic)
参考例句:
  • Their course of study includes elementary hygiene and medical theory.他们的课程包括基础卫生学和医疗知识。
  • He's going to give us a lecture on public hygiene.他要给我们作关于公共卫生方面的报告。
40 grassland 0fCxG     
n.牧场,草地,草原
参考例句:
  • There is a reach of grassland in the distance.远处是连绵一片的草原。
  • The snowstorm swept the vast expanse of grassland.暴风雪袭击了辽阔的草原。
41 affected TzUzg0     
adj.不自然的,假装的
参考例句:
  • She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
  • His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。
42 livelihood sppzWF     
n.生计,谋生之道
参考例句:
  • Appropriate arrangements will be made for their work and livelihood.他们的工作和生活会得到妥善安排。
  • My father gained a bare livelihood of family by his own hands.父亲靠自己的双手勉强维持家计。
43 pipelines 2bee8f0b9bb303b1f1a466fd43666db3     
管道( pipeline的名词复数 ); 输油管道; 在考虑(或规划、准备) 中; 在酿中
参考例句:
  • The oil is carried to the oil refinery by pipelines. 石油通过输油管输送到炼油厂。
  • The oil carried in pipelines. 石油用管道输送。
44 minor e7fzR     
adj.较小(少)的,较次要的;n.辅修学科;vi.辅修
参考例句:
  • The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
  • I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。
45 utilizing fbe1505f632dff25652a1730952a6464     
v.利用,使用( utilize的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • Utilizing an assembler to produce a machine-language program. 用汇编程序产生机器语言的过程。 来自辞典例句
  • The study and use of devices utilizing properties of materials near absolute zero in temperature. 对材料在接近绝对零度时的特性进行研究和利用的学科。 来自辞典例句
46 scattered 7jgzKF     
adj.分散的,稀疏的;散步的;疏疏落落的
参考例句:
  • Gathering up his scattered papers,he pushed them into his case.他把散乱的文件收拾起来,塞进文件夹里。
47 dispersed b24c637ca8e58669bce3496236c839fa     
adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的
参考例句:
  • The clouds dispersed themselves. 云散了。
  • After school the children dispersed to their homes. 放学后,孩子们四散回家了。
48 mutual eFOxC     
adj.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的
参考例句:
  • We must pull together for mutual interest.我们必须为相互的利益而通力合作。
  • Mutual interests tied us together.相互的利害关系把我们联系在一起。
49 joint m3lx4     
adj.联合的,共同的;n.关节,接合处;v.连接,贴合
参考例句:
  • I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤,肩膀脫臼了。
  • We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。
50 wasteful ogdwu     
adj.(造成)浪费的,挥霍的
参考例句:
  • It is a shame to be so wasteful.这样浪费太可惜了。
  • Duties have been reassigned to avoid wasteful duplication of work.为避免重复劳动浪费资源,任务已经重新分派。
51 correlation Rogzg     
n.相互关系,相关,关连
参考例句:
  • The second group of measurements had a high correlation with the first.第二组测量数据与第一组高度相关。
  • A high correlation exists in America between education and economic position.教育和经济地位在美国有极密切的关系。
52 technological gqiwY     
adj.技术的;工艺的
参考例句:
  • A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
  • Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今, 随着科技进步,生活节奏不断增快。
53 transformation SnFwO     
n.变化;改造;转变
参考例句:
  • Going to college brought about a dramatic transformation in her outlook.上大学使她的观念发生了巨大的变化。
  • He was struggling to make the transformation from single man to responsible husband.他正在努力使自己由单身汉变为可靠的丈夫。
54 authorization wOxyV     
n.授权,委任状
参考例句:
  • Anglers are required to obtain prior authorization from the park keeper.垂钓者必须事先得到公园管理者的许可。
  • You cannot take a day off without authorization.未经批准你不得休假。
55 excavation RiKzY     
n.挖掘,发掘;被挖掘之地
参考例句:
  • The bad weather has hung up the work of excavation.天气不好耽误了挖掘工作。
  • The excavation exposed some ancient ruins.这次挖掘暴露出一些古遗迹。
56 compensate AXky7     
vt.补偿,赔偿;酬报 vi.弥补;补偿;抵消
参考例句:
  • She used her good looks to compensate her lack of intelligence. 她利用她漂亮的外表来弥补智力的不足。
  • Nothing can compensate for the loss of one's health. 一个人失去了键康是不可弥补的。
57 confiscated b8af45cb6ba964fa52504a6126c35855     
没收,充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Their land was confiscated after the war. 他们的土地在战后被没收。
  • The customs officer confiscated the smuggled goods. 海关官员没收了走私品。
58 concurrently 7a0b4be5325a98c61c407bef16b74293     
adv.同时地
参考例句:
  • He was given two twelve month sentences to run concurrently. 他两罪均判12个月监禁,同期执行。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He was given two prison sentences, to run concurrently. 他两罪均判监禁,同期执行。 来自辞典例句
59 offender ZmYzse     
n.冒犯者,违反者,犯罪者
参考例句:
  • They all sued out a pardon for an offender.他们请求法院赦免一名罪犯。
  • The authorities often know that sex offenders will attack again when they are released.当局一般都知道性犯罪者在获释后往往会再次犯案。
60 revoked 80b785d265b6419ab99251d8f4340a1d     
adj.[法]取消的v.撤销,取消,废除( revoke的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • It may be revoked if the check is later dishonoured. 以后如支票被拒绝支付,结算可以撤销。 来自辞典例句
  • A will is revoked expressly. 遗嘱可以通过明示推翻。 来自辞典例句
61 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
62 revoking c5cf44ec85cbce0961d4576b6e70bec0     
v.撤销,取消,废除( revoke的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • There are no provisions for revoking the prize. 没有撤销获奖的规定。 来自互联网
  • The decision revoking the patent right shall be registered and announced by the Patent Office. 撤销专利权的决定,由专利局登记和公告。 来自互联网
63 confiscation confiscation     
n. 没收, 充公, 征收
参考例句:
  • Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels. 没收一切流亡分子和叛乱分子的财产。 来自英汉非文学 - 共产党宣言
  • Confiscation of smuggled property is part of the penalty for certain offences. 没收走私财产是对某些犯罪予以惩罚的一部分。
64 consultation VZAyq     
n.咨询;商量;商议;会议
参考例句:
  • The company has promised wide consultation on its expansion plans.该公司允诺就其扩展计划广泛征求意见。
  • The scheme was developed in close consultation with the local community.该计划是在同当地社区密切磋商中逐渐形成的。
65 fixed JsKzzj     
adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的
参考例句:
  • Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗?
  • Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定,我们就不应该随意改变。
66 supplementary 0r6ws     
adj.补充的,附加的
参考例句:
  • There is a supplementary water supply in case the rain supply fails.万一主水源断了,我们另外有供水的地方。
  • A supplementary volume has been published containing the index.附有索引的增补卷已经出版。
67 implementation 2awxV     
n.实施,贯彻
参考例句:
  • Implementation of the program is now well underway.这一项目的实施现在行情看好。
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