中华人民共和国土地管理法实施条例
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国务院令第256号
(Promulgated1 by Decree No. 256 of the State Council of the People's Republic of China on December 27, 1998)
颁布日期:19981227  实施日期:19990101  颁布单位:国务院

  Chapter I General Provisions

  Article 1 These Regulations are formulated2 in accordance with the Land Administration Law of the People's Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Land Administration Law for abbreviation).

  Chapter II Land Ownership and Use Right

  Article 2 The following land belongs to ownership by the entire people, that is, state ownership:

  (1)land in urban districts of municipalities;

  (2)land in rural areas and suburban3 districts of municipalities that have been confiscated4, requisitioned or purchased according to law and turned into state ownership;

  (3)land requisitioned by the state according to law;

  (4)forest land, grassland5, barren land, shoals and other land not under collective ownership according to law;

  (5)land previously6 under collective ownership by the members of a rural collective economic organization whose entire membership have become urban and township residents; and

  (6)land previously under collective ownership by the migrated peasants but no longer in use after the peasants' collective migration7 and shifting due to state-organized migration or natural disasters.

  Article 3 The state practises the system of land registration8 and certificate issuance according to law. Land ownership and land use right registered according to law are protected by law upon which no unit or individual shall infringe9.

  Contents of land registration and format10 of land ownership certificate shall be uniformly prescribed by the competent department of land administration under the State Council.

  Land registration information may be open to inquiry11.

  Confirmation12 of forest land and grassland ownership or use right and confirmation of use right for breeding and cultivation13 of water surface and shoals shall be processed pursuant to the relevant provisions of the Forestry14 Law, Prairie Law and Fishery Law respectively.

  Article 4 For land under peasants' collective ownership, the land owners shall file an application for land registration with the competent department of land administration of people's government at the county level of the locality wherein the land is located, people's government at the county level shall enter a registration in the register, verify and issue a certificate of collective land ownership in confirmation of the ownership.

  For land under peasants' collective ownership to be used for nonagricultural construction according to law, the land owners shall file an application for land registration with the competent department of land registration of people's government at the county level of the locality wherein the land is located, people's government at the county level shall enter a registration in the register, verify and issue a certificate of collective land use right in confirmation of the land use right for construction.

  Municipal people's governments with subordinate districts may carry out uniform registration of land under peasants' collective ownership within districts under municipal jurisdiction15.

  Article 5 For state-owned land to be used by units or individuals according to law, the land users shall file an application for land registration with the competent department of land administration of people's government above the county level of the locality wherein the land is located, the people's government above the county level shall enter a registration in the register, verify and issue a certificate of state owned land use right in confirmation of the use right. Among which, the competent department of land administration under the State Council shall be responsible for the registration and certificate issuance of use of state-owned land by organs of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the state. Specific measures for registration and certificate issuance shall be worked out by the competent department of land administration under the State Council in conjunction with the General Affairs Administration for Organs under the State Council and other departments concerned. For state-owned land the use right of which is not determined16, people's governments above the county level shall enter a registration in the register and be responsible for the protection and administration.

  Article 6 Whoever changes in land ownership and use right according to law as a result of transfer according to law of such appendices as ground constructions and structures leading to the transfer of land use right, must file an application for change in land registration with the competent department of land administration of people's government above the county level of the locality wherein the land is located, the original land registration organ shall effect the change in registration of land ownership and use right. The change in land ownership and use right takes effect as of the date of change in registration.

  Whoever effects a change in land use according to law must, on the strength of the approval document, file an application for change in land registration with the competent department of land administration of people's government above the county level of the locality wherein the land is located, and the original land registration organ shall make the change in registration according to law.

  Article 7 The original land registration organ shall nullify the land registration for withdrawal17 of the land use right of a land use unit pursuant to the relevant provisions of the Land Administration Law.

  The original land registration organ shall nullify the land registration when a land user fails to apply for extension or fails to win approval of the application for extension on expiry of the duration of use agreed upon in the contract for the paid-for use of land use right.

  Chapter III Overall Planning for Land Utilization18

  Article 8 The national overall planning for land utilization shall be compiled by the competent department of land administration under the State Council in conjunction with the departments concerned under the State Council and submitted to the State Council for approval.

  Overall planning for land utilization of the provinces, autonomous19 regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be compiled by the competent departments of land administration and other departments concerned at the same level under the organization of people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and submitted to the State Council for approval.

  Overall planning for land utilization of municipalities that are seats of people's governments of the provinces and autonomous regions, municipalities with a population of over one million and municipalities designated by the State Council shall be compiled by the competent departments of land administration and other departments concerned at the same level under the organization of people's governments of the respective municipalities and submitted to the State Council for approval upon examination and consent of people's governments of the provinces and autonomous regions.

  Overall planning for land utilization beside those provided for in the First Paragraph, Second Paragraph and Third Paragraph of this Article shall be compiled by the competent departments of land administration and other departments concerned at the same level under the organization of the people's governments concerned and submitted level by level to people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government for approval; among which, village(township)overall planning for land utilization shall be compiled by village(township)people's governments and submitted level by level to people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government or people's governments of municipalities with subordinate districts and autonomous prefectures authorized20 by people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government for approval.

  Article 9 The planning duration of overall planning for land utilization shall generally be 15 years.

  Article 10 Overall planning for land utilization should, pursuant to the provisions of the Land Administration Law, classify land into agricultural land, land for construction and unutilized land.

  County-level and village(township) overall planning for land utilization should, in accordance with requirements, delimit basic farmland protection zone, land reclamation21 zone, land for construction zone and reclamation prohibition22 zone, etc; among which, village(township) overall planning for land utilization should also, in the light of land use conditions, determine the use of each plot of land.

  Specific measures for land classification and delimitation of land utilization zones shall be worked out by the competent department of land administration under the State Council in conjunction with the departments concerned under the State Council.

  Article 11 Village(township) people's governments should make an announcement within the respective administrative23 areas upon approval of the village(township) overall planning for land utilization according to law.

  The announcement should contain the following contents:

  (1)planning targets;

  (2)planning duration;

  (3)planning scope;

  (4)plot uses; and

  (5)approval organ and approval date.

  Article 12 Revision of overall planning for land utilization pursuant to the provisions of the Second Paragraph and Third Paragraph of Article 26 of the Land Administration Law shall be made by the original compiling organ in accordance with the approval document of the State Council or people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. The revised overall planning for land utilization should be submitted to the original approval organ for approval.

  When the revised overall planning for land utilization at the next higher level involves revision of overall planning for land utilization at the next lower level, people's government at the next higher level shall notify people's government at the next lower level to make corresponding revision and submit it to the original approval organ for the record.

  Article 13 People's governments at all levels should strengthen the management of annual plans for land utilization and exercise aggregate24 control over land for construction. Annual plans for land utilization must, upon approval and transmission to the lower levels, be strictly25 adhered to.

  An annual plan for land utilization should contain the following contents:

  (1)planned targets for the diversion of agricultural land to other uses;

  (2)planned targets for retained quantum of cultivated land; and

  (3)planned targets for land development and arrangement.

  Article 14 Competent departments of land administration of people's governments above the county level should, in conjunction with the departments concerned at the same level, conduct land survey.

  Land survey should contain the following contents:

  (1)land ownership;

  (2)state of land utilization; and

  (3)conditions of land.

  Survey results of the current state of local land utilization should be made public in society upon examination and verification of people's governments at the corresponding level and approval of people's government at the next higher level; survey results of the current state of national land utilization should, upon approval of the State Council, be made public in society. Land survey procedures shall be formulated by the competent department of land administration under the State Council in conjunction with the departments concerned under the State Council.

  Article 15 The competent department of land administration under the State Council shall, in conjunction with the departments concerned under the State Council, fix the standards for land grade evaluation26.

  The competent departments of land administration of people's governments above the county level should, in conjunction with the departments concerned at the same level, evaluate land grades in accordance with the standards for land grade evaluation. Results of local land grade evaluation should be made public in society upon examination and verification of people's government at the corresponding level and approval of the competent department of land administration at the next higher level.

  Adjustment in land grades shall be made once every six years in accordance with the state of national economic and social development.

  Chapter IV Cultivated Land Protection

  Article 16 Municipal, county people's governments, rural collective economic organizations and construction units shall, pursuant to the provisions of Article 31 of the Land Administration Law, be responsible respectively for the reclamation of cultivated land for occupation of cultivated land within the scope of land use for urban, village and township construction determined in the overall planning for land utilization in implementing27 urban planning and village, township planning, as well as occupation of cultivated land for such construction projects as energy, communications, water conservancy, mines and military installations outside the scope of land use for urban construction determined in the overall planning for land utilization; where there are no conditions for reclamation or the reclaimed28 cultivated land fails to conform to the requirements, payment of cultivated land reclamation fee should be effected pursuant to the provisions of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.

  Article 17 Units or individuals are prohibited from engaging in land development activities in reclamation prohibition zones determined by the overall planning for land utilization.

  Whoever engages in development of state-owned barren hills, barren land or barren shoals the land use right of which has been established for cultivation, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery production in land reclamation zones determined by the overall planning for land utilization should file an application with the competent department of land administration of people's government above the county level of the locality wherein the land is located and submit the same to people's government with the authority of approval for approval.

  Whoever engages in single-time development of state-owned barren hills, barren land or barren shoals under 600 hectares the land use right of which has not been established shall be subject to the approval of local people's government above the county level pursuant to the limits of authority prescribed by the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; the case of development of over 600 hectares shall be submitted to the State Council for approval.

  Development of state-owned barren hills, barren land or barren shoals the land use right of which has not been established for cultivation, forestry, animal husbandry or fishery production may, upon approval of people's government above the county level, be assigned to development units or individuals for long-term use, and the longest duration of use shall not exceed 50 years.

  Article 18 County and village(township) people's government should, pursuant to the overall planning for land utilization, organize rural collective economic organizations in formulating29 land arrangement schemes and organize their implementation30.

  Local people's governments at all levels should, pursuant to the overall planning for land utilization, take measures to press ahead with land arrangement. 60% of the area of the newly-added cultivated land through land arrangement may be used as compensation targets to compensate31 for the cultivated land occupied for construction.

  Expenses required for land arrangement shall, in accordance with the principle of whoever is the beneficiary shall bear the expenses, be jointly32 borne by the rural collective economic organizations and land users.

  Chapter V Land for Construction

  Article 19 Occupation of land for construction involving turning agricultural land into land for construction should conform to the agricultural land conversion33 targets set in the overall planning for land utilization and annual plan for land utilization; occupation of land for urban, village and township construction involving conversion of agricultural land should also conform to urban planning and village, township planning. Where it fails to conform to the provisions, no approval shall be granted for the conversion of agricultural land into land for construction.

  Article 20 Occupation of land for the implementation of urban planning within the scope of land for urban construction determined in the overall planning for land utilization shall be handled pursuant to the following provisions:

  (1)municipal, county people's governments shall, pursuant to the annual plans for land utilization, draft agricultural land conversion plans, cultivated land supplement plans, land requisition plans, and submit them in batches34 and level by level to people's governments with the authority of approval.

  (2)the competent departments of land administration of people's governments with the authority of approval shall examine the agricultural land conversion plans, cultivated land supplement plans, land requisition plans, put forth35 examination remarks and submit the same to people's governments with the authority of approval for approval; among which, the cultivated land supplement plans shall be approved simultaneously36 with the approval of agricultural land conversion plans by people's governments that approve the agricultural land conversion plans.

  (3)municipal, county people's governments shall, upon approval of the agricultural land conversion plans, cultivated land supplement plans and land requisition plans, organize their implementation and provide land separately according to specific construction projects.

  For occupation of land for the implementation of village and township planning within the scope of land for village and township construction determined in the overall planning for land utilization, municipal, county people's governments shall draft agricultural land conversion plans and cultivated land supplement plans and process them pursuant to the procedures prescribed in the preceding paragraph.

  Article 21 For need of land use for a specific construction project, the construction unit should, in accordance with the gross design of the construction project, file a one-time application, and go through the formalities of examination and approval of land for construction; where a project the construction of which is to be carried out in phases, applications for land for construction may be filed in phases on the basis of the schemes determined in the feasibility study and the relevant formalities of examination and approval completed in phases.

  Article 22 Need of occupation of state-owned land for construction for a specific construction project within the scope of land for urban construction determined in the overall planning for land utilization shall be handled pursuant to the following provisions:

  (1)at the time of the construction project feasibility study, the competent department of land administration shall examine the matters relating to land use for the construction project and come up with a report on the preliminary examination of land use for the construction project; at the time of submission37 of the feasibility study for approval, the report on the preliminary examination of land use for the construction project produced by the competent department of land administration must be enclosed therewith.

  (2)the construction unit shall, on the strength of the relevant approval document of the construction project, file an application for land for construction with the competent department of land administration of municipal or county people's government, the competent department of land administration of the municipal or county government shall examine the same, draft a land provision plan and submit it to the municipal or county people's government for approval; where approval by people's government at the next higher level is required, it should be submitted to the people's government at the next higher level for approval.

  (3)municipal or county people's government shall, upon approval of the land provision plan, issue a certificate of approval for land for construction for the construction unit. In the case of paid-for use of state-owned land, the competent department of land administration of municipal or county people's government shall conclude a contract on the paid-for use of state-owned land with the land user; in the case of appropriation38 for use of state-owned land, the competent department of land administration shall verify and issue a certificate of decision on the appropriation of state-owned land.

  (4)the land user should file an application for land registration according to law.

  For provision of use right of state-owned land for construction in the form of tender or auction39, the competent departments of municipal or county people's governments shall, in conjunction with the departments concerned, draw up a plan and submit it to the municipal or county people's government, the competent department of land administration of municipal or county people's government shall organize its implementation upon approval, and conclude a contract on the paid-for use of the land with the land user. The land user should file an application for land registration according to law.

  Article 23 For need to use land for a specific construction project, an application must be filed according to law for the use of state-owned land for construction within the scope of urban land for construction determined in the overall planning for land utilization. Where an actual need arises for the use of land outside the scope of land for urban construction determined by the overall planning for land utilization for such construction projects as energy, communications, water conservancy, mines and military installations involving agricultural land, it shall be handled pursuant to the following provisions:

  (1)at the time of the construction project feasibility study authentication40, the competent department of land administration shall examine the matters relating to land use for the construction project and come up with a report on the preliminary examination of land use for the construction project; at the time of submission of the feasibility study for approval, the report on the preliminary examination of land use for the construction project produced by the competent department of land administration must be enclosed therewith.

  (2)The construction unit shall, on the strength of the relevant approval decumbent of the construction project, file an application for land for construction with the competent department of municipal or county people's government, the competent department of municipal or county people's government shall examine the application, draw up an agricultural land conversion plan, land requisition plan and land provision plan(where state owned agricultural land is involved, no land requisition plan shall be drafted), which shall, upon examination, verification and consent of the municipal or county people's government, be submitted level by level to the people's government with the authority of approval for approval; among which, the cultivated land supplement plan shall be simultaneously approved by the people's government that approves the agricultural land conversion plan at the time of approval of the agricultural land conversion plan; the land provision plan shall be simultaneously approved by the people's government that approves land requisition at the time of approval of the land requisition plan(where state-owned agricultural land is involved, the land provision plan shall be simultaneously approved by the people's government that approves the agricultural land conversion at the time of approval of the agricultural land conversion plan).

  (3)Municipal, county people's governments shall, upon approval of the agricultural land conversion plan, cultivated land supplement plan, land requisition plan and land provision plan, organise41 their implementation and issue the certificate of approval of land for construction to the construction unit. Where there is paid-for use of state-owned land, the competent department of land administration of municipal or county people's government shall conclude a contract on the paid-for use of state owned land with the land user; where state-owned land is appropriated for use, the competent department of land administration of municipal or county people's government shall verify and issue a certificate of decision on the appropriation of state-owned land to the land user.

  (4)The land user should file an application for land registration according to law.

  Where an actual need arises for land use for a construction project outside the scope of land for urban construction determined in the overall planning for land utilization involving unutilized land under peasants' collective ownership, only land requisition plan and land provision plan shall be submitted for approval.

  Article 24 Where a need arises for the occupation of state-owned unutilized land determined in the overall planning for land utilization for a specific construction project, it shall be handled pursuant to the provisions of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; however, land use for key state construction projects, military installations and construction projects transcending42 the administrative areas of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government should be submitted to the State Council for approval.

  Article 25 Municipal, county people's government of the locality whose land has been requisitioned shall , upon approval of the land requisition plan according to law, organize its implementation, and make an announcement in the village(township), hamlet whose land has been requisitioned on the approval organ of the land requisition, number of the approval document, use, scope and area of the requisitioned land as well as the rates for compensation of land requisition, measures for the resettlement of agricultural personnel and duration for processing land requisition compensation.

  Persons of ownership and persons of use right of the requisitioned land should, within the duration prescribed in the announcement, go to the competent department of people's government designated in the announcement to go through the registration for land requisition compensation on the strength of land ownership certificates.

  The competent departments of municipal, county people's governments shall, on the basis of the approved land requisition plan and in conjunction with the departments concerned, draw up land requisition compensation and resettlement plan, make an announcement thereof in the village(township),hamlet wherein the requisitioned land is located to solicit43 the views of the rural collective economic organizations and peasants on the requisitioned land. The competent departments of land administration of municipal, county people's governments shall, upon approval of the land requisition compensation and resettlement plan submitted to the municipal, county people's governments, organize its implementation. Where a dispute arises over the compensation rates, coordination44 shall be carried out by local people's government above the county level; where coordination has failed, arbitration45 shall be resorted to by the people's government that approved the land requisition. Land requisition compensation and resettlement dispute shall not affect the implementation of the land requisition plan.

  Payment of various expenses for land requisition should be effected in full within 3 months starting from the date of approval of the land requisition and resettlement plan.

  Article 26 Land compensation fee goes to the rural collective economic organization; compensation fee for ground appendices and young crops shall be for the owner(s) of ground appendices and young crops.

  Funds earmarked for land requisition resettlement subsidy46 must be used for the designated purpose and shall not be diverted to any other purpose. For persons required to be resettled by the rural collective economic organization, payment of the resettlement subsidy shall be made to the rural collective economic organization to be administered and used by the rural collective economic organization; where resettlement is to be arranged by other units, the resettlement subsidy shall be paid to the resettlement units; where no unified47 resettlement is required, the resettlement subsidy shall be given to the individuals to be resettled or used for the payment of insurance premium48 for the resettled persons on gaining the consent of the resettled persons.

  Municipal, county and village(township) people's governments should strengthen supervision49 over the use of resettlement subsidy.

  Article 27 For emergency use of land required for dealing50 with an emergency or disaster relief, the land may be used first. Among which, where the land is for temporary use, the original state should be restored when the disaster is over and the land shall be returned to its original user for use, and formalities of examination and approval for land use are no longer required; when it falls into land for permanent construction, the construction unit should, within 6 months after the disaster is over, file an application for making up the formalities of examination and approval of land for construction.

  Article 28 Where a need arises for the temporary occupation of cultivated land for the construction and geological survey of a construction project, the land user should, within one year starting from the date of expiry of temporary land use, restore the conditions for cultivation.

  Article 29 Forms of paid-for use of state-owned land include:

  (1)transfer of state-owned land use right;

  (2)leasing of state-owned land; and

  (3)contribution at a fixed51 value or equity52 participation53 for state-owned land use right.

  Article 30 The paid-for land use fee for newly-added land for construction prescribed in Article 55 of the Land Administration Law means the average land net income the state should accrue54 from the newly added land for construction.

  Chapter VI Supervision and Inspection55

  Article 31 Inspectors56 of land administration supervision should receive training and may engage in the work of land administration supervision and inspection only upon passing evaluation.

  Article 32 In fulfilling the duties and responsibilities of supervision and inspection, the competent departments of land administration may, in addition to taking the measures provided for in Article 67 of the Land Administration Law, adopt the following measures:

  (1)inquire the party(parties) concerned, suspect(s) and witness(es) of a law-breaking case;

  (2)enter the site of land illegally occupied by the unit or individual under inspection to take photos or make video recording57;

  (3)order the party(parties) concerned to stop illegal acts relating to land under way;

  (4)stop processing formalities of examination and approval and registration of land with respect to the unit or individual suspected of violation58 of law on land; and

  (5)order the law-breaking suspect(s) not to sell, transfer properties relevant to the case during investigation59.

  Article 33 Where administrative sanctions are to be imposed pursuant to the provisions of Article 72 of the Land Administration Law, they shall be imposed by the competent department of land administration of people's government at the next higher level that has taken the decision on administrative penalty or made the decision on imposing60 direct administrative penalty. The competent department of land administration at the next higher level may directly make a decision on administrative penalties of meteing out a warning, recording a demerit or recording a major demerit; with respect to decisions on administrative penalties of demotion, removal from office and dismissal, the competent department of land administration at the next higher level should, pursuant to the state provisions concerning limits of authority of personnel management and procedures of handling, put forth a proposal for administrative sanctions to the organ concerned, and it shall be handled by the organ concerned according to law.

  Chapter VII Legal Liability

  Article 34 Whoever carries out reclamation within the reclamation prohibition zone determined by the overall planning for land utilization in violation of the provisions of Article 17 of these Regulations, the competent department of land administration of people's government above the county level shall order him/her to make a rectification61 within a given time period; whoever fails to make a rectification on expiry of the given time period, a penalty shall be imposed pursuant to the provisions of Article 76 of the Land Administration Law.

  Article 35 Whoever builds permanent construction(s) or structure(s) on land for temporary use, the competent department of land administration of people's government above the county level shall order him/her to dismantle62 it(them) within a given time period; whoever fails to dismantle on expiry of the given time period, the organ that made the penalty decision shall file an application for mandatory63 enforcement with a people's court according to law.

  Article 36 The reconstructed or expanded constructions or structures that fail to conform to the uses determined in the overall planning for land utilization prior to the formulation of the overall planning for land utilization shall be ordered by the competent department of land administration of people's government above the county level to be dismantled64 within a given time period; whoever fails to dismantle on expiry of the given time period, the organ that made the penalty decision shall file an application with a people's court for mandatory enforcement according to law.

  Article 37 Whoever obstructs65 functionaries66 of the competent department of land administration in the discharge of duties according to law shall be imposed penalty of public security administration or investigated of the legal liability according to law.

  Article 38 Where a fine is to be imposed pursuant to the provisions of Article 73 of the Land Administration Law, the amount of fine shall be less than 50% of the illegal income.

  Article 39 Where a fine is to be imposed pursuant to the provisions of Article 81 of the Land Administration Law, the amount of fine shall be more than 5% less than 20% of the illegal income.

  Article 40 Where a fine is to be imposed pursuant to the provisions of Article 74 of the Land Administration Law, the amount of fine shall be less than 200% of the cultivated land reclamation fee.

  Article 41 Where a fine is to be imposed pursuant to the provisions of Article 75 of the Land Administration Law, the amount of fine shall be less than 200% of the land reclamation fee.

  Article 42 Where a fine is to be imposed pursuant to the provisions of Article 76 of the Land Administration Law, the amount of fine shall be less than RMB 30 yuan per square meter of the illegally occupied land.

  Article 43 Where a fine is to be imposed pursuant to the provisions of Article 80 of the Land Administration Law, the amount of fine shall be more than RMB 10 Yuan less than RMB 30 Yuan per square meter of the illegally occupied land.

  Article 44 Whoever fails to restore the cultivation conditions on expiry of the given time period in violation of the provisions of Article 28 of these Regulations shall be ordered by the competent department of land administration of people's government above the county level to make a rectification within the given time period, and may be imposed a fine less than 200% of the cultivated land reclamation fee.

  Article 45 Whoever obstructs requisition of land for construction by the state in violation of the provisions of laws and regulations on land administration shall be ordered by the competent department of land administration of people's government above the county level to hand over the land; whoever refuses to hand over the land, an application shall be filed with a people's court for mandatory enforcement.

  Chapter VIII Supplementary67 Provision

  Article 46 These Regulations shall enter into force as of January 1, 1999. The Regulations on the Implementation of the Land Administration Law of the People's Republic of China promulgated by the State Council on January 4, 1991 is simultaneously superseded68.



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 promulgated a4e9ce715ee72e022795b8072a6e618f     
v.宣扬(某事物)( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 );传播;公布;颁布(法令、新法律等)
参考例句:
  • Hence China has promulgated more than 30 relevant laws, statutes and regulations. 中国为此颁布的法律、法规和规章多达30余项。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
  • The shipping industry promulgated a voluntary code. 航运业对自律守则进行了宣传。 来自辞典例句
2 formulated cfc86c2c7185ae3f93c4d8a44e3cea3c     
v.构想出( formulate的过去式和过去分词 );规划;确切地阐述;用公式表示
参考例句:
  • He claims that the writer never consciously formulated his own theoretical position. 他声称该作家从未有意识地阐明他自己的理论见解。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • This idea can be formulated in two different ways. 这个意思可以有两种说法。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
3 suburban Usywk     
adj.城郊的,在郊区的
参考例句:
  • Suburban shopping centers were springing up all over America. 效区的商业中心在美国如雨后春笋般地兴起。
  • There's a lot of good things about suburban living.郊区生活是有许多优点。
4 confiscated b8af45cb6ba964fa52504a6126c35855     
没收,充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Their land was confiscated after the war. 他们的土地在战后被没收。
  • The customs officer confiscated the smuggled goods. 海关官员没收了走私品。
5 grassland 0fCxG     
n.牧场,草地,草原
参考例句:
  • There is a reach of grassland in the distance.远处是连绵一片的草原。
  • The snowstorm swept the vast expanse of grassland.暴风雪袭击了辽阔的草原。
6 previously bkzzzC     
adv.以前,先前(地)
参考例句:
  • The bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
  • Let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿,解释原先发生了什么。
7 migration mDpxj     
n.迁移,移居,(鸟类等的)迁徙
参考例句:
  • Swallows begin their migration south in autumn.燕子在秋季开始向南方迁移。
  • He described the vernal migration of birds in detail.他详细地描述了鸟的春季移居。
8 registration ASKzO     
n.登记,注册,挂号
参考例句:
  • Marriage without registration is not recognized by law.法律不承认未登记的婚姻。
  • What's your registration number?你挂的是几号?
9 infringe 0boz4     
v.违反,触犯,侵害
参考例句:
  • The jury ruled that he had infringed no rules.陪审团裁决他没有违反任何规定。
  • He occasionally infringe the law by parking near a junction.他因偶尔将车停放在交叉口附近而违反规定。
10 format giJxb     
n.设计,版式;[计算机]格式,DOS命令:格式化(磁盘),用于空盘或使用过的磁盘建立新空盘来存储数据;v.使格式化,设计,安排
参考例句:
  • Please format this floppy disc.请将这张软盘格式化。
  • The format of the figure is very tasteful.该图表的格式很雅致。
11 inquiry nbgzF     
n.打听,询问,调查,查问
参考例句:
  • Many parents have been pressing for an inquiry into the problem.许多家长迫切要求调查这个问题。
  • The field of inquiry has narrowed down to five persons.调查的范围已经缩小到只剩5个人了。
12 confirmation ZYMya     
n.证实,确认,批准
参考例句:
  • We are waiting for confirmation of the news.我们正在等待证实那个消息。
  • We need confirmation in writing before we can send your order out.给你们发送订购的货物之前,我们需要书面确认。
13 cultivation cnfzl     
n.耕作,培养,栽培(法),养成
参考例句:
  • The cultivation in good taste is our main objective.培养高雅情趣是我们的主要目标。
  • The land is not fertile enough to repay cultivation.这块土地不够肥沃,不值得耕种。
14 forestry 8iBxk     
n.森林学;林业
参考例句:
  • At present, the Chinese forestry is being at a significant transforming period. 当前, 我国的林业正处于一个重大的转折时期。
  • Anhua is one of the key forestry counties in Hunan province. 安化县是湖南省重点林区县之一。
15 jurisdiction La8zP     
n.司法权,审判权,管辖权,控制权
参考例句:
  • It doesn't lie within my jurisdiction to set you free.我无权将你释放。
  • Changzhou is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province.常州隶属江苏省。
16 determined duszmP     
adj.坚定的;有决心的
参考例句:
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
17 withdrawal Cfhwq     
n.取回,提款;撤退,撤军;收回,撤销
参考例句:
  • The police were forced to make a tactical withdrawal.警方被迫进行战术撤退。
  • They insisted upon a withdrawal of the statement and a public apology.他们坚持要收回那些话并公开道歉。
18 utilization Of0zMC     
n.利用,效用
参考例句:
  • Computer has found an increasingly wide utilization in all fields.电子计算机已越来越广泛地在各个领域得到应用。
  • Modern forms of agricultural utilization,have completely refuted this assumption.现代农业利用形式,完全驳倒了这种想象。
19 autonomous DPyyv     
adj.自治的;独立的
参考例句:
  • They proudly declared themselves part of a new autonomous province.他们自豪地宣布成为新自治省的一部分。
  • This is a matter that comes within the jurisdiction of the autonomous region.这件事是属于自治区权限以内的事务。
20 authorized jyLzgx     
a.委任的,许可的
参考例句:
  • An administrative order is valid if authorized by a statute.如果一个行政命令得到一个法规的认可那么这个命令就是有效的。
21 reclamation MkNzIa     
n.开垦;改造;(废料等的)回收
参考例句:
  • We should encourage reclamation and recycling.我们应当鼓励废物的回收和利用。
  • The area is needed for a land reclamation project.一个土地开垦项目要在这一地区进行。
22 prohibition 7Rqxw     
n.禁止;禁令,禁律
参考例句:
  • The prohibition against drunken driving will save many lives.禁止酒后开车将会减少许多死亡事故。
  • They voted in favour of the prohibition of smoking in public areas.他们投票赞成禁止在公共场所吸烟。
23 administrative fzDzkc     
adj.行政的,管理的
参考例句:
  • The administrative burden must be lifted from local government.必须解除地方政府的行政负担。
  • He regarded all these administrative details as beneath his notice.他认为行政管理上的这些琐事都不值一顾。
24 aggregate cKOyE     
adj.总计的,集合的;n.总数;v.合计;集合
参考例句:
  • The football team had a low goal aggregate last season.这支足球队上个赛季的进球总数很少。
  • The money collected will aggregate a thousand dollars.进帐总额将达一千美元。
25 strictly GtNwe     
adv.严厉地,严格地;严密地
参考例句:
  • His doctor is dieting him strictly.他的医生严格规定他的饮食。
  • The guests were seated strictly in order of precedence.客人严格按照地位高低就座。
26 evaluation onFxd     
n.估价,评价;赋值
参考例句:
  • I attempted an honest evaluation of my own life.我试图如实地评价我自己的一生。
  • The new scheme is still under evaluation.新方案还在评估阶段。
27 implementing be68540dfa000a0fb38be40d32259215     
v.实现( implement的现在分词 );执行;贯彻;使生效
参考例句:
  • -- Implementing a comprehensive drug control strategy. ――实行综合治理的禁毒战略。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
  • He was in no hurry about implementing his unshakable principle. 他并不急于实行他那不可动摇的原则。 来自辞典例句
28 reclaimed d131e8b354aef51857c9c380c825a4c9     
adj.再生的;翻造的;收复的;回收的v.开拓( reclaim的过去式和过去分词 );要求收回;从废料中回收(有用的材料);挽救
参考例句:
  • Many sufferers have been reclaimed from a dependence on alcohol. 许多嗜酒成癖的受害者已经被挽救过来。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • They reclaimed him from his evil ways. 他们把他从邪恶中挽救出来。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
29 formulating 40080ab94db46e5c26ccf0e5aa91868a     
v.构想出( formulate的现在分词 );规划;确切地阐述;用公式表示
参考例句:
  • At present, the Chinese government is formulating nationwide regulations on the control of such chemicals. 目前,中国政府正在制定全国性的易制毒化学品管理条例。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
  • Because of this, the U.S. has taken further steps in formulating the \"Magellan\" programme. 为此,美国又进一步制定了“麦哲伦”计划。 来自百科语句
30 implementation 2awxV     
n.实施,贯彻
参考例句:
  • Implementation of the program is now well underway.这一项目的实施现在行情看好。
31 compensate AXky7     
vt.补偿,赔偿;酬报 vi.弥补;补偿;抵消
参考例句:
  • She used her good looks to compensate her lack of intelligence. 她利用她漂亮的外表来弥补智力的不足。
  • Nothing can compensate for the loss of one's health. 一个人失去了键康是不可弥补的。
32 jointly jp9zvS     
ad.联合地,共同地
参考例句:
  • Tenants are jointly and severally liable for payment of the rent. 租金由承租人共同且分别承担。
  • She owns the house jointly with her husband. 她和丈夫共同拥有这所房子。
33 conversion UZPyI     
n.转化,转换,转变
参考例句:
  • He underwent quite a conversion.他彻底变了。
  • Waste conversion is a part of the production process.废物处理是生产过程的一个组成部分。
34 batches f8c77c3bee0bd5d27b9ca0e20c216d1a     
一批( batch的名词复数 ); 一炉; (食物、药物等的)一批生产的量; 成批作业
参考例句:
  • The prisoners were led out in batches and shot. 这些囚犯被分批带出去枪毙了。
  • The stainless drum may be used to make larger batches. 不锈钢转数设备可用来加工批量大的料。
35 forth Hzdz2     
adv.向前;向外,往外
参考例句:
  • The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
  • He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。
36 simultaneously 4iBz1o     
adv.同时发生地,同时进行地
参考例句:
  • The radar beam can track a number of targets almost simultaneously.雷达波几乎可以同时追着多个目标。
  • The Windows allow a computer user to execute multiple programs simultaneously.Windows允许计算机用户同时运行多个程序。
37 submission lUVzr     
n.服从,投降;温顺,谦虚;提出
参考例句:
  • The defeated general showed his submission by giving up his sword.战败将军缴剑表示投降。
  • No enemy can frighten us into submission.任何敌人的恐吓都不能使我们屈服。
38 appropriation ON7ys     
n.拨款,批准支出
参考例句:
  • Our government made an appropriation for the project.我们的政府为那个工程拨出一笔款项。
  • The council could note an annual appropriation for this service.议会可以为这项服务表决给他一笔常年经费。
39 auction 3uVzy     
n.拍卖;拍卖会;vt.拍卖
参考例句:
  • They've put the contents of their house up for auction.他们把房子里的东西全都拿去拍卖了。
  • They bought a new minibus with the proceeds from the auction.他们用拍卖得来的钱买了一辆新面包车。
40 authentication jO5yS     
鉴定,认证
参考例句:
  • Computer security technology includes mainly:Authentication,Encryption,Access Control,Auditing and so on.计算机网络安全技术主要有: 认证授权、数据加密、访问控制、安全审计等。
41 organise organise     
vt.组织,安排,筹办
参考例句:
  • He has the ability to organise.他很有组织才能。
  • It's my job to organise all the ceremonial events.由我来组织所有的仪式。
42 transcending 9680d580945127111e648f229057346f     
超出或超越(经验、信念、描写能力等)的范围( transcend的现在分词 ); 优于或胜过…
参考例句:
  • She felt herself transcending time and space. 她感到自己正在穿越时空。
  • It'serves as a skeptical critic of the self-transcending element. 它对于超越自身因素起着一个怀疑论批评家的作用。
43 solicit AFrzc     
vi.勾引;乞求;vt.请求,乞求;招揽(生意)
参考例句:
  • Beggars are not allowed to solicit in public places.乞丐不得在公共场所乞讨。
  • We should often solicit opinions from the masses.我们应该经常征求群众意见。
44 coordination Ho8zt     
n.协调,协作
参考例句:
  • Gymnastics is a sport that requires a considerable level of coordination.体操是一项需要高协调性的运动。
  • The perfect coordination of the dancers and singers added a rhythmic charm to the performance.舞蹈演员和歌手们配合得很好,使演出更具魅力。
45 arbitration hNgyh     
n.调停,仲裁
参考例句:
  • The wage disagreement is under arbitration.工资纠纷正在仲裁中。
  • Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding.双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。
46 subsidy 2U5zo     
n.补助金,津贴
参考例句:
  • The university will receive a subsidy for research in artificial intelligence.那个大学将得到一笔人工智能研究的补助费。
  • The living subsidy for senior expert's family is included in the remuneration.报酬已包含高级专家家人的生活补贴。
47 unified 40b03ccf3c2da88cc503272d1de3441c     
(unify 的过去式和过去分词); 统一的; 统一标准的; 一元化的
参考例句:
  • The teacher unified the answer of her pupil with hers. 老师核对了学生的答案。
  • The First Emperor of Qin unified China in 221 B.C. 秦始皇于公元前221年统一中国。
48 premium EPSxX     
n.加付款;赠品;adj.高级的;售价高的
参考例句:
  • You have to pay a premium for express delivery.寄快递你得付额外费用。
  • Fresh water was at a premium after the reservoir was contaminated.在水库被污染之后,清水便因稀而贵了。
49 supervision hr6wv     
n.监督,管理
参考例句:
  • The work was done under my supervision.这项工作是在我的监督之下完成的。
  • The old man's will was executed under the personal supervision of the lawyer.老人的遗嘱是在律师的亲自监督下执行的。
50 dealing NvjzWP     
n.经商方法,待人态度
参考例句:
  • This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
  • His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。
51 fixed JsKzzj     
adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的
参考例句:
  • Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗?
  • Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定,我们就不应该随意改变。
52 equity ji8zp     
n.公正,公平,(无固定利息的)股票
参考例句:
  • They shared the work of the house with equity.他们公平地分担家务。
  • To capture his equity,Murphy must either sell or refinance.要获得资产净值,墨菲必须出售或者重新融资。
53 participation KS9zu     
n.参与,参加,分享
参考例句:
  • Some of the magic tricks called for audience participation.有些魔术要求有观众的参与。
  • The scheme aims to encourage increased participation in sporting activities.这个方案旨在鼓励大众更多地参与体育活动。
54 accrue iNGzp     
v.(利息等)增大,增多
参考例句:
  • Ability to think will accrue to you from good habits of study.思考能力将因良好的学习习惯而自然增强。
  • Money deposited in banks will accrue to us with interest.钱存在银行,利息自生。
55 inspection y6TxG     
n.检查,审查,检阅
参考例句:
  • On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查,发现肉变质了。
  • The soldiers lined up for their daily inspection by their officers.士兵们列队接受军官的日常检阅。
56 inspectors e7f2779d4a90787cc7432cd5c8b51897     
n.检查员( inspector的名词复数 );(英国公共汽车或火车上的)查票员;(警察)巡官;检阅官
参考例句:
  • They got into the school in the guise of inspectors. 他们假装成视察员进了学校。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Inspectors checked that there was adequate ventilation. 检查员已检查过,通风良好。 来自《简明英汉词典》
57 recording UktzJj     
n.录音,记录
参考例句:
  • How long will the recording of the song take?录下这首歌得花多少时间?
  • I want to play you a recording of the rehearsal.我想给你放一下彩排的录像。
58 violation lLBzJ     
n.违反(行为),违背(行为),侵犯
参考例句:
  • He roared that was a violation of the rules.他大声说,那是违反规则的。
  • He was fined 200 dollars for violation of traffic regulation.他因违反交通规则被罚款200美元。
59 investigation MRKzq     
n.调查,调查研究
参考例句:
  • In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
  • He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。
60 imposing 8q9zcB     
adj.使人难忘的,壮丽的,堂皇的,雄伟的
参考例句:
  • The fortress is an imposing building.这座城堡是一座宏伟的建筑。
  • He has lost his imposing appearance.他已失去堂堂仪表。
61 rectification NUwx3     
n. 改正, 改订, 矫正
参考例句:
  • The process of producing a shift of the average value is called rectification. 产生平均值移动的过程叫做整流。
  • This effect, in analogy to its radiofrequency counterpart, is known as optical rectification. 同它的射频对应物相仿,这种现象称为光学整流。
62 dismantle Vtlxa     
vt.拆开,拆卸;废除,取消
参考例句:
  • He asked for immediate help from the United States to dismantle the warheads.他请求美国立即提供援助,拆除这批弹头。
  • The mower firmly refused to mow,so I decided to dismantle it.修完后割草机还是纹丝不动,于是,我决定把它拆开。
63 mandatory BjTyz     
adj.命令的;强制的;义务的;n.受托者
参考例句:
  • It's mandatory to pay taxes.缴税是义务性的。
  • There is no mandatory paid annual leave in the U.S.美国没有强制带薪年假。
64 dismantled 73a4c4fbed1e8a5ab30949425a267145     
拆开( dismantle的过去式和过去分词 ); 拆卸; 废除; 取消
参考例句:
  • The plant was dismantled of all its equipment and furniture. 这家工厂的设备和家具全被拆除了。
  • The Japanese empire was quickly dismantled. 日本帝国很快被打垮了。
65 obstructs 2417bdaaf73a3f20b8586b2869692c21     
阻塞( obstruct的第三人称单数 ); 堵塞; 阻碍; 阻止
参考例句:
  • The cirrhotic process obstructs the intrahepatic portion of the portal venous system. 肝硬化使门脉系统的肝内部分受阻。
  • A device or means that obstructs, blocks, or plugs up. 堵塞的方法:阻碍,阻挠或堵塞的工具或途径。
66 functionaries 90e939e920ac34596cdd9ccb420b61fe     
n.公职人员,官员( functionary的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The Indian transmitters were court functionaries, not missionaries. 印度文化的传递者都是朝廷的官员而不是传教士。 来自辞典例句
  • All government institutions functionaries must implement state laws, decrees and policies. 所有政府机关极其工作人员都必须认真执行国家的法律,法规和政策。 来自互联网
67 supplementary 0r6ws     
adj.补充的,附加的
参考例句:
  • There is a supplementary water supply in case the rain supply fails.万一主水源断了,我们另外有供水的地方。
  • A supplementary volume has been published containing the index.附有索引的增补卷已经出版。
68 superseded 382fa69b4a5ff1a290d502df1ee98010     
[医]被代替的,废弃的
参考例句:
  • The theory has been superseded by more recent research. 这一理论已为新近的研究所取代。
  • The use of machinery has superseded manual labour. 机器的使用已经取代了手工劳动。
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