企业财务词汇
文章来源: 文章作者: 发布时间:2006-10-07 02:48 字体: [ ]  进入论坛
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随着中国企业的资产重组和股份制改革,财务管理成为企业管理的核心部分。目前我国通用的一些财务指标和财务工具都是从国外借鉴来的。在财务管理方面,经济发达国家有着许多先进的经验和成熟的做法。

  目前,中国的财务制度和财务规则逐步和国际接轨。上市的股份公司定期要向股民宣布公司的财务状况,例如资产负债表、现金流量表、损益表、资产负债率、内部收益率、投资收益率等。一般的有限责任公司在财务管理上也都遵循标准的财务规则。

  中国从八十年代初,恢复注册会计师行业,现在已经从恢复重建阶段过度到了发展完善阶段。注册会计师在经济中发挥了越来越重要的作用,被喻为“经济警察”。拥有注册会计师证书的人才得到企业的重视和青睐,也成为各大公司在人才市场上争夺的焦点。因此,拥有注册会计师资格证书的人能够取得较高的职位和得到较高的薪水。

  但是中国的财务管理同国外相比也有许多不同的地方。例如在会计科目管理方面,中国的会计科目相对固定,相似的帐目会归为同一会计科目。而在国外的会计科目则数量众多,分类很细。

  在同国外进行商务交流时,了解对方国家的有关财务规则是商务合作得以顺利进行的关键。财务状况的反应形式要根据不同国家的有关规定进行适应和修改。

  

  英:

  Assets

   Anything having commercial or exchange value that is owned by a

   business, institution, or individual. Includes people, land, buildings,

   equipment, cash, stocks and bonds, and others.

  Liabilities

   Claim on the assets of a company or individual (excluding ownership equity).

  P&L

   Profit and Loss statement is a summary of the revenues, costs and

   expenses of a company during an accounting1 period (also called

   income statement). Together with the balance sheet as of the end of

   the accounting period, it constitutes a company’s financial statement.

  Budget

   Estimate of revenue and expenditure2 for a specified3 period. There

   are many kinds, such as: Cash budget (shows cash flow), Expense

   budget (shows projected expenditures) and Capital budget (shows

   anticipated capital outlays).

  Market capitalization

   Value of a corporation as determined4 by the market price of its’

   issued and outstanding common stock. Investors5 often use market

   capitalization as one investment criteria6. The term also helps to

   indicate how investors value a company’s future prospects7.

  Cash flow

   Analysis of all the changes that affect the cash account during an

   accounting period. Cash flow from operations is one factor in a

   breakdown8, usually shown as uses of cash. From an investment

   perspective, cash flow is net income plus depreciation9 and other

   non-cash charges. In this sense, it is synonymous with cash earnings10.

  Line of credit

   A bank’s moral commitment, as opposed to its contractual

   commitment, to make loans to a borrower up to a specified maximum

   during a specified period, usually 1 year.

  Fiscal11 year

   Accounting period covering 12 consecutive12 months, 52 consecutive

   weeks, 13 4-week periods, or 365 consecutive days, at the end of

   which the books are closed and profits and losses are determined.

  Venture capital

   Important source of financing for start-up companies or others

   embarking13 on new or turnaround ventures that entail14 some

   investment risk, but offer the potential for above-average future profits.

          Also called risk capital.

  

        中:

  资产

   公司、机构或个人拥有的,并具有商业价值或交换价值

   的任何东西。包括劳动力、土地、建筑、设备、现金、股票、债券等。

  债务

   他人(机构或个人)对某一公司或个人的资产拥有债权,而对该公司或个人来说就是债务(产权除外)。

  损益表

   损益表是对一家公司在一个会计年度中的收入、支出和成本的汇总,又称为收益表。在每个会计年度末与资产负债表一起构成该公司的财务报表。

  预算

   对某一时期的收入和指出的预测。预算有许多种,如现金预算(预测现金流的状况)、费用预算(说明预计费用)以及资本预算(说明预期的资本支出)等。

  资本市场总额

   某一公司的市场价值,由该公司已公开发行的及未清的普通股的市值总额所决定。 投资者经常以资本市场总额作为投资标准。该项指标同时也有助于显示投资者对公司前景的评价。

  现金流

   对某一会计年度中影响现金账户的所有变化的分析。现金流也是业务分析中的一个要素,通常表示为现金的使用。从投资的角度来看,现金流相当于纯收入加上折旧费和其他非现金费用。在这个意义上,现金流就等于现金收益。

  信贷额度

   银行给予借款者在某一特定时期内(通常为一年)可借贷最高额度的道义上的承诺,与契约性承诺相对。

  财政年度

   包含了12个连续月份,或52个连续星期,或连续13个以4周为一个单位的时间段,或连续365天的会计期。在每一财政年度结束时,账目将被结清,利润和损失也将被确定下来。

  风险资本

   初创公司或其他从事新兴的高风险、高回报业务的公司的重要经济来源。



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 accounting nzSzsY     
n.会计,会计学,借贷对照表
参考例句:
  • A job fell vacant in the accounting department.财会部出现了一个空缺。
  • There's an accounting error in this entry.这笔账目里有差错。
2 expenditure XPbzM     
n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出;使用,消耗
参考例句:
  • The entry of all expenditure is necessary.有必要把一切开支入账。
  • The monthly expenditure of our family is four hundred dollars altogether.我们一家的开销每月共计四百元。
3 specified ZhezwZ     
adj.特定的
参考例句:
  • The architect specified oak for the wood trim. 那位建筑师指定用橡木做木饰条。
  • It is generated by some specified means. 这是由某些未加说明的方法产生的。
4 determined duszmP     
adj.坚定的;有决心的
参考例句:
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
5 investors dffc64354445b947454450e472276b99     
n.投资者,出资者( investor的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • a con man who bilked investors out of millions of dollars 诈取投资者几百万元的骗子
  • a cash bonanza for investors 投资者的赚钱机会
6 criteria vafyC     
n.标准
参考例句:
  • The main criterion is value for money.主要的标准是钱要用得划算。
  • There are strict criteria for inclusion in the competition.参赛的标准很严格。
7 prospects fkVzpY     
n.希望,前途(恒为复数)
参考例句:
  • There is a mood of pessimism in the company about future job prospects. 公司中有一种对工作前景悲观的情绪。
  • They are less sanguine about the company's long-term prospects. 他们对公司的远景不那么乐观。
8 breakdown cS0yx     
n.垮,衰竭;损坏,故障,倒塌
参考例句:
  • She suffered a nervous breakdown.她患神经衰弱。
  • The plane had a breakdown in the air,but it was fortunately removed by the ace pilot.飞机在空中发生了故障,但幸运的是被王牌驾驶员排除了。
9 depreciation YuTzql     
n.价值低落,贬值,蔑视,贬低
参考例句:
  • She can't bear the depreciation of the enemy.她受不了敌人的蹂躏。
  • They wrote off 500 for depreciation of machinery.他们注销了500镑作为机器折旧费。
10 earnings rrWxJ     
n.工资收人;利润,利益,所得
参考例句:
  • That old man lives on the earnings of his daughter.那个老人靠他女儿的收入维持生活。
  • Last year there was a 20% decrease in his earnings.去年他的收入减少了20%。
11 fiscal agbzf     
adj.财政的,会计的,国库的,国库岁入的
参考例句:
  • The increase of taxation is an important fiscal policy.增税是一项重要的财政政策。
  • The government has two basic strategies of fiscal policy available.政府有两个可行的财政政策基本战略。
12 consecutive DpPz0     
adj.连续的,联贯的,始终一贯的
参考例句:
  • It has rained for four consecutive days.已连续下了四天雨。
  • The policy of our Party is consecutive.我党的政策始终如一。
13 embarking 7f8892f8b0a1076133045fdfbf3b8512     
乘船( embark的现在分词 ); 装载; 从事
参考例句:
  • He's embarking on a new career as a writer. 他即将开始新的职业生涯——当一名作家。
  • The campaign on which were embarking was backed up by such intricate and detailed maintenance arrangemets. 我们实施的战争,须要如此复杂及详细的维护准备。
14 entail ujdzO     
vt.使承担,使成为必要,需要
参考例句:
  • Such a decision would entail a huge political risk.这样的决定势必带来巨大的政治风险。
  • This job would entail your learning how to use a computer.这工作将需要你学会怎样用计算机。
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