I

　　Now Beowulf bode¹ in the burg of the Scyldings，

　　leader beloved， and long he ruled

　　in fame with all folk， since his father had gone

　　away from the world， till awoke an heir，

　　haughty³ Healfdene， who held through life，

　　sage⁴ and sturdy， the Scyldings glad.

　　Then， one after one， there woke to him，

　　to the chieftain of clansmen， children four：

　　Heorogar， then Hrothgar， then Halga brave；

　　and I heard that —— was —— 's queen，

　　the Heathoscylfing's helpmate dear.

　　To Hrothgar was given such glory of war，

　　such honor of combat， that all his kin⁵

　　obeyed him gladly till great grew his band

　　of youthful comrades. It came in his mind

　　to bid his henchmen a hall uprear，

　　ia master mead-house， mightier⁶ far

　　than ever was seen by the sons of earth，

　　and within it， then， to old and young

　　he would all allot⁷ that the Lord had sent him，

　　save only the land and the lives of his men.

　　Wide， I heard， was the work commanded，

　　for many a tribe this mid-earth round，

　　to fashion the folkstead. It fell， as he ordered，

　　in rapid achievement that ready it stood there，

　　of halls the noblest： Heorot1 he named it

　　whose message had might in many a land.

　　Not reckless of promise， the rings he dealt，

　　treasure at banquet： there towered the hall，

　　high， gabled wide， the hot surge waiting

　　of furious flame.2 Nor far was that day

　　when father and son-in-law stood in feud⁸

　　for warfare⁹ and hatred¹⁰ that woke again.3

　　With envy and anger an evil spirit

　　endured the dole¹¹ in his dark abode¹²，

　　that he heard each day the din² of revel¹³

　　high in the hall： there harps¹⁴ rang out，

　　clear song of the singer. He sang who knew4

　　tales of the early time of man，

　　how the Almighty¹⁵ made the earth，

　　fairest fields enfolded by water，

　　set， triumphant¹⁷， sun and moon

　　for a light to lighten the land-dwellers，

　　and braided bright the breast of earth

　　with limbs and leaves， made life for all

　　of mortal beings that breathe and move.

　　So lived the clansmen in cheer and revel

　　a winsome¹⁸ life， till one began

　　to fashion evils， that field of hell.

　　Grendel this monster grim was called，

　　march-riever5 mighty¹⁶， in moorland living，

　　in fen¹⁹ and fastness； fief of the giants

　　the hapless wight a while had kept

　　since the Creator his exile doomed²⁰.

　　On kin of Cain was the killing²¹ avenged²²

　　by sovran God for slaughtered²³ Abel.

　　Ill fared his feud，6 and far was he driven，

　　for the slaughter's sake， from sight of men.

　　Of Cain awoke all that woful breed，

　　Etins7 and elves and evil-spirits，

　　as well as the giants that warred with God

　　weary while： but their wage was paid them！

　　[1] That is， “The Hart，” or “Stag，” so called from decorations in the gables that resembled the antlers of a deer. This hall has been carefully described in a pamphlet by Heyne. The building was rectangular， with opposite doors —— mainly west and east —— and a hearth²⁴ in the middle of the single room. A row of pillars down each side， at some distance from the walls， made a space which was raised a little above the main floor， and was furnished with two rows of seats. On one side， usually south， was the high-seat midway between the doors. Opposite this， on the other raised space， was another seat of honor. At the banquet soon to be described， Hrothgar sat in the south or chief high-seat， and Beowulf oppo- site to him. The scene for a flying （see below， v.499） was thus very effectively set. Planks²⁵ on trestles —— the “board” of later English litera- ture —— formed the tables just in front of the long rows of seats， and were taken away after banquets， when the retainers were ready to stretch them- selves out for sleep on the benches.

　　[2] Fire was the usual end of these halls. See v. 781 below. One thinks of the splendid scene at the end of the Nibelungen， of the Nialssaga， of Saxo's story of Amlethus， and many a less famous instance.

　　[3] It is to be supposed that all hearers of this poem knew how Hrothgar's hall was burnt， —— perhaps in the unsuccessful attack made on him by his son-in-law Ingeld.

　　[4] A skilled minstrel. The Danes are heathens， as one is told presently； but this lay of beginnings is taken from Genesis.

　　[5] A disturber of the border， one who sallies from his haunt in the fen and roams over the country near by. This probably pagan nuisance is now furnished with biblical credentials²⁶ as a fiend or devil in good standing²⁷， so that all Christian²⁸ Englishmen might read about him. “Grendel” may mean one who grinds and crushes.

　　[6] Cain's.

　　[7] Giants.

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