Researchers from Oxford² and Bristol universities looked at the IQ scores of 4,000 children as well as recording³ the alcohol intake⁴ of their mothers.

 

They found "moderate" alcohol intake of one to six units a week during pregnancy affected⁵ IQ.

 

Experts said the effect was small, but reinforced the need to avoid alcohol in pregnancy.

 

Previous studies have produced inconsistent and confusing evidence on whether low to moderate levels of alcohol are harmful in pregnancy, largely because it is difficult to separate out other factors that may have an effect such as the mother's age and education.

 

But this research, published in the PLOS One journal, ruled that out by looking at changes in the genes⁶ that are not connected to social or lifestyle effects.

 

 

The study found that four genetic⁷ variants⁸ in alcohol-metabolising genes in children and their mothers were strongly related to lower IQ at age eight.

 

On average, the child's IQ was almost two points lower per genetic modification⁹ they possessed¹⁰.

 

But this effect was only seen among the children of women who drank between one and six drinks a week during pregnancy and not among women who abstained¹¹ when they were pregnant. 

 

The researchers said although a causal effect could not be proven, the way they had done the study strongly suggested that it was exposure to alcohol in the womb that was responsible for the differences in child IQ.

 

Dr Ron Gray, from Oxford University, who led the research added that although the differences appeared small, they may well be significant and that lower IQ had been shown to be associated with being socially disadvantaged, having poorer health and even dying younger.

 

"It is for individual women to decide whether or not to drink during pregnancy, we just want to provide the evidence.

 

"But I would recommend avoiding alcohol. Why take the risk?"

 

A Department of Health spokesman said that since 2007 their advice had been that women who are trying to conceive or are pregnant should avoid alcohol. 

 

But Dr Clare Tower, consultant¹² in obstetrics and fetal maternal¹³ medicine, at St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, stressed that women who have had the occasional alcoholic¹⁴ drink in pregnancy should not be overly alarmed by the findings.

 

"Current UK advice is that the safest course of action is abstinence during pregnancy. 

 

"The finding of this study would concur¹⁵ that this is undoubtedly¹⁶ the safest advice."

 

But she pointed¹⁷ out that another recent study had found no effect on IQ at five years.

 

"It is likely therefore, that any impact is likely small and not seen in all women."

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