Far more people in India have access to a mobile phone than to a toilet, according to a UN study on how to improve sanitation¹ levels globally.

联合国一项关于如何改善全球卫生条件的研究显示，印度的手机远比厕所普及。

alley² in Mumbai. Far more people in India have access to a mobile phone than to a toilet, according to a UN study on how to improve sanitation levels globally." width="229" height="344" src="/upimg/100424/4_013947_1.jpg" />
An Indian man urinates in an alley in Mumbai. Far more people in India have access to a mobile phone than to a toilet, according to a UN study on how to improve sanitation levels globally.

India's mobile subscribers totalled 563.73 million at the last count, enough to serve nearly half of the country's 1.2 billion population.

But just 366 million people -- around a third of the population -- had access to proper sanitation（环境卫生，卫生设备） in 2008, said the study published by the United Nations University, a UN think-tank.

"It is a tragic³ irony⁴ to think in India, a country now wealthy enough that roughly half of the people own phones," so many people "cannot afford the basic necessity and dignity of a toilet," said UN University director Zafar Adeel.

Adeel heads the UN University's Institute for Water, Environment and Health, based in the Canadian city of Hamilton, which prepared the report.

Worldwide, an estimated 358 billion dollars is needed between now and 2015 to achieve the UN Millennium⁵ Development Goal (MDG) of halving⁶ the proportion of people with inadequate⁷ sanitation from 2000 levels.

Proper sanitation "could do more to save lives, especially those of young people, improve health and help pull India and other countries in similar circumstances out of poverty than any alternative investment," Adeel said.

Poor sanitation is a major contributor to water-borne diseases, which in the past three years alone killed an estimated 4.5 million children under the age of five worldwide, according to the study.

The report gave a rough cost of 300 dollars to build a toilet, including labour, materials and advice.

The world could expect a return of up to 34 dollars for every dollar spent on sanitation through improved productivity（生产力，生产率） and reduced poverty and health costs, said Adeel.

He said improving sanitation was "an economic and humanitarian⁸ opportunity of historic proportions."